Following the leader: The role of the host nation President of Conferences of the Parties to the UNFCCC

In this thesis I investigate the role of formal leaders in international negotiations. I present theories on the role and influence formal leaders might have in international negotiations, and what variation in this role and influence might depend on. I then use this theoretical framework to analyse the role of the Presidents of the UN Climate Change Conferences in Copenhagen in 2009 and in Cancún in 2010, how these differed, how they were perceived by observers such as the media and NGO representatives, and if their roles were perceived differently, what was their perception of the underlying factors causing this. I further analyse these images with the aid of my theoretical framework

Statistical properties of the Disk Counterparts of Type II Spicules from simultaneous observations of RBEs in Ca II 8542 and H{\alpha}

Spicules were recently found to exist as two types when a new class of so-called type II spicules was discovered at the solar limb with Hinode. The type II spicules have been linked with on-disk observations of Rapid Blue-shifted Excursions (RBEs) in the Ha and Ca 8542 lines. Here we analyze observations optimized for the detection of RBEs in both Ha and Ca 8542 simultaneously at a high temporal cadence taken with CRISP at the SST. This study used a high-quality time sequence for RBEs at different blue-shifts and employed an automated detection routine to detect a large number of RBEs in order to expand on the statistics of RBEs. We find that the number of detected RBEs is dependent on the Doppler velocity of the images on which the search is performed. Detection of RBEs at lower velocities increases the estimated number of RBEs to the same order of magnitude expected from limb spicules. This shows that RBEs and type II spicules are exponents of the same phenomenon. We provide evidence that Ca 8542 RBEs are connected to Ha RBEs and are located closer to the network regions with the Ha RBEs being the continuation, and show that RBEs have an average lifetime of 83.9 s when observed in both spectral lines with Doppler velocity ranges of 10-25 km/s in Ca 8542 and 30-50 km/s in Ha. In addition, we determine the transverse motion of a much larger sample of RBEs than previous studies and find that like type II spicules, RBEs undergo significant transverse motions, 5-10 km/s. Finally, we find that the intergranular jets discovered in BBSO are a subset of RBEs.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 15 pages, 10 figure

Visception: An Interactive Visual Framework for Nested Visualization Design

Nesting is the embedding of charts into the marks of another chart. Related to principles such as Tufte’s rule of utilizing micro/macro readings, nested visualizations have been employed to increase information density, providing compact representations of multi-dimensional and multi-typed data entities. Visual authoring tools are becoming increasingly prevalent, as they make visualization technology accessible to non-expert users such as data journalists, but existing frameworks provide no or only very limited functionality related to the creation of nested visualizations. In this paper, we present an interactive visual approach for the flexible generation of nested multilayer visualizations. Based on a hierarchical representation of nesting relationships coupled with a highly customizable mechanism for specifying data mappings, we contribute a flexible framework that enables defining and editing data-driven multi-level visualizations. As a demonstration of the viability of our framework, we contribute a visual builder for exploring, customizing and switching between different designs, along with example visualizations to demonstrate the range of expression. The resulting system allows for the generation of complex nested charts with a high degree of flexibility and fluidity using a drag and drop interface.publishedVersio

Enterovirus Genotyping

En molekylærbiologisk metode for typebestemmelse av enterovirus er under utprøving og skal etter hvert etableres på Mikrobiologisk avdeling ved Haukeland universitetssjukehus. Før etablering av metoden skal den være i stand til å identifisere de klinisk relevante enterovirus genotypene. Prøver som hadde testet positivt for enterovirus ved laboratoriet fra midten av 2018 til Januar 2020 ble forsøkt genotypet ved metoden. Metoden var en to-trinns revers transkriptase polymerase kjedereaksjon og en nested polymerase kjedereaksjon, etterfulgt av Sanger-sekvensering. Metodens sensitivitet og mulige påvirkninger på sensitiviteten ble undersøkt. Ved å analysere alle enterovirus-positive prøver fra 2019 fikk man i tillegg en periodisk oversikt. Av 120 prøver ble 99 typet (82,5%), fordelt på 15 ulike genotyper. Mulige påvirkninger på metodens sensitivitet ble undersøkt, og konsentrasjon av enterovirus i prøvene viste seg å være den viktigste. En korrelasjonstest viste en signifikant sammenheng mellom virusinnhold og mulighet for typing, hvor viruset i prøvene med lav konsentrasjon av enterovirus var vanskeligst å type. Av de 77 prøvene fra 2019 ble 55 typebestemt (77,5%), og coxsackievirus A6 ble detektert i 52,1% grunnet et utbrudd av hånd-, fot- og munnsyke. Coxsackievirus A6 ble detektert i flest sår- og blemmesekret, men også i spinalvæske i ett tilfelle. Problemer med deteksjon av enterovirus A71 førte til at metoden ble endret mot slutten av prosjektet. Nye primere ble utprøvd, og den modifiserte metoden ga langt bedre resultater ved deteksjon av denne genotypen. Vi fikk ikke anledning til å prøve ut de modifiserte primerne fullstendig, slik at videre utprøving er nødvendig.A molecular method for enterovirus typing is under developing and will eventually be established at the microbiological laboratory at Haukeland University Hospital. Before establishment of the method it must be able to identify all the clinically relevant genotypes of enterovirus. Enterovirus positive samples tested at the laboratory from mid 2018 to January 2020 were analyzed in the project. The method used was a two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and a nested polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger-sequencing. The sensitivity of the method and possible impacts on the sensitivity were investigated. Analyzing all enterovirus positive samples from 2019 gave a periodic overview as well. Of 120 samples 99 were typed (82,5%), divided into 15 different genotypes. Possible impacts on the sensitivity of the method were investigated, and virus concentration turned out to be the most important. A correlation test showed a significant relationship between the concentration of enterovirus in the samples and the possibility for typing. The samples containing the lowest concentration of the virus were also the hardest to type. Of the 77 samples from 2019, 55 were typed (77,5%), and coxsackievirus A6 was detected in 52,1% due to an outbreak of hand- foot- and mouth disease. Coxsackievirus A6 was mostly detected in swabs from wounds and vesicles, but also in cerebrospinal fluid in one case. Problems detecting enterovirus A71 lead to a modification of the method by the end of the project. New primers were designed, and the modified method gave much better results detecting the genotype. We did not get the chance to completely test the modified primers, which means further testing is necessary.RAB395MAMD-HELS

Semantic Snapping for Guided Multi-View Visualization Design

Visual information displays are typically composed of multiple visualizations that are used to facilitate an understanding of the underlying data. A common example are dashboards, which are frequently used in domains such as finance, process monitoring and business intelligence. However, users may not be aware of existing guidelines and lack expert design knowledge when composing such multi-view visualizations. In this paper, we present semantic snapping, an approach to help non-expert users design effective multi-view visualizations from sets of pre-existing views. When a particular view is placed on a canvas, it is “aligned” with the remaining views-not with respect to its geometric layout, but based on aspects of the visual encoding itself, such as how data dimensions are mapped to channels. Our method uses an on-the-fly procedure to detect and suggest resolutions for conflicting, misleading, or ambiguous designs, as well as to provide suggestions for alternative presentations. With this approach, users can be guided to avoid common pitfalls encountered when composing visualizations. Our provided examples and case studies demonstrate the usefulness and validity of our approach.acceptedVersio

Development of a framework and the content for a psychoeducational internet-delivered intervention for women after treatment for gynaecological cancer

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).The number of women treated for gynecological cancer is increasing. At the same time, the duration of in-patient hospitalization has decreased, and follow-up with its primary focus on early recognition of recurrence does not meet all patients’ needs. One method of follow-up may be digital intervention. This study describes the development of a psychoeducational Internetdelivered intervention targeting women’s psychosocial needs during the follow-up period after treatment for gynecological cancer. The project consisted of three phases following the UK Medical Research Council Framework guidelines for the development of complex interventions. Phase one identified the evidence in the field, phase two identified the relevant theoretical framework, and phase three included a two-year work process including focus group interviews and think aloud interviews with users. Through the steps of literature review, theoretical framework, and an iterative development process with users and other stakeholders, a six-week program was developed. The program included psychoeducational information, multimedia, exercises, and weekly telephone follow-up with a dedicated nurse. This Internet-delivered intervention can be a novel method for addressing the gap in the provision of follow-up for women after treatment for gynecological cancer.publishedVersio

Medisinsk informasjon i geografiske informasjonssystemer

Hæren og Forsvarets Militærgeografiske Tjeneste (FMGT) representerer i dag de største miljøene for geografiske informasjonssystemer (GIS) i Forsvaret. Ettersom den teknologiske utviklingen har resultert i en lavere brukerterskel blir implementeringen i organisasjoner uten tilsvarende kompetanse oftere aktualisert. Forsvarets sanitet (FSAN) driver innsamling, organisering, analyse og presentasjon av medisinsk informasjon. Som en del av denne arbeidsprosessen har vi valgt å se nærmere på mulighetene for å integrere GIS, og kommet frem til følgende problemstilling: Hvordan kan GIS benyttes innen innsamling, organisering, analyse og presentasjon av medisinsk relatert informasjon for å øke verdien og utnyttelsen av denne? Empiriens grunnlag ligger i intervjuer med personell i FSAN, Geodata og ved å gjøre dokumentstudier. Hvert ledd i GIS-hjulet betraktes, og det benyttes stabsstudiemetodikk og praktiske eksempler i gjennomgangen. Prosessen for FSANs arbeid følger en syklus som danner grunnlaget for hvordan vi betrakter bruken av GIS. Vår analyse av FSAN viser at dagens situasjon, i et geografisk perspektiv, fremstår lite strukturert når det kommer til innsamling, organisering og analyse. Det mangler også pålitelige og effektive grafiske presentasjonsmuligheter. Bruk av GIS vil effektivisere arbeidet. Informasjon som samles inn ved bruk av denne teknologien vil kunne lagres, organiseres og deles mye mer effektivt enn dagens situasjon muliggjør. Det finnes systemer som kan nyttes til analyseformål uten betydelige forkunnskaper i GIS, men ved å samarbeide med teknisk GIS-personell vil det være mulig å øke analysekompleksiteten. Ved å ansette en militærgeograf eller inngå et større samarbeid med en slik kapasitet i Forsvaret vil en effekt kunne oppnås. Bruken av GIS vil muliggjøre en visuell fremstilling av situasjonen, og kan fungere som et substitutt til skriftlige og muntlige publikasjoner og presentasjoner for å øke verdi og utnyttelse av data. Gevinsten synes helt klart å overstige ressursinnsatsen, og vi anbefaler at det gjøres en konseptutvikling for implementering av konkrete tekniske løsninger og programvare som ivaretar alle ledd i arbeidsprosessen

Complete Genome Sequences of 12 Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Containing qnrS1 Based on Hybrid Assemblies

In total, 12 quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) strains containing qnrS1 were submitted to long-read sequencing using a FLO-MIN106 flow cell on a MinION device. The long reads were assembled with short reads (Illumina) and analyzed using the MOB-suite pipeline. Six of these QREC genome sequences were closed after hybrid assembly

A molecular epidemiological study on Escherichia coli in young chicks with colibacillosis identified two possible outbreaks across farms

publishedVersio