Identification of Uncommon Non-crystalline Solids as ''real'' Glasses

Identification of uncommon noncrystalline solids as real glasse

Predicting the audibility and annoyance of unducted fan engines

Predictions of the prevalence of annoyance associated with aircraft noise exposure are heavily influenced by field studies conducted in urban airport neighborhoods. Flyovers heard in such relatively high ambient noise environments are composed in large part of high absolute level, broadband noise. In contrast, noise exposure created en route by aircraft powered by unducted fan engines is expected to be relatively low in level, but to contain prominent low frequency tonal energy. These tones will be readily audible in rural and other low ambient noise environments. The annoyance of noise intrusions of low absolute level has been shown to be closely related to their audibility. Thus, one way to predict the annoyance of en route noise generated by unducted fan engines is to estimate its audibility relative to that of conventionally powered aircraft in different ambient noise environments. This may be accomplished by computing the audibility of spectra produced by an aircraft powered by unducted fan engines and comparing predicted probabilities of annoyance for them with those of conventionally powered transport aircraft

The Financial and Professional Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in National Football League Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can have negative consequences on the careers of National Football League (NFL) players, however no study has ever analyzed the financial impact of these injuries in this population. PURPOSE: To quantify the impact of ACL injuries on salary and career length in NFL athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Any player in the NFL suffering an ACL injury from 2010 to 2013 was identified using a comprehensive online search. A database of NFL player salaries was used to conduct a matched cohort analysis comparing ACL-injured players with the rest of the NFL. The main outcomes were the percentage of players remaining in the NFL and mean salary at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years after injury. Cohorts were subdivided based on initial salary: group A,$2,000,000. Mean cumulative earnings were calculated by multiplying the percentage of players remaining in the league by their mean salaries and compounding this each season. RESULTS: NFL athletes suffered 219 ACL injuries from 2010 to 2013. The 7504 other player seasons in the NFL during this time were used as controls. Significantly fewer ACL-injured players than controls remained in the NFL at each time point (P \u3c .05). In group A, significantly less ACL-injured players remained in the NFL at 1 to 3 seasons after injury (P \u3c .05), and in group B, significantly less ACL-injured players remained in the NFL at 1 and 2 seasons after injury (P \u3c .05). There was no significant decrease in group C. Players in groups A and B remaining in the NFL also had a lower mean salary than controls (P \u3c .05 in season 1). The mean cumulative earnings over 4 years for ACL-injured players was$2,070,521 less per player than uninjured controls. CONCLUSION: On average, ACL-injured players earned $2,070,521 less than salary-matched controls over the 4 years after injury. Players initially earning less than$2 million per year have lower mean salaries and are less likely to remain in the league than uninjured controls. The careers of players initially earning over $2 million per year, meanwhile, are not negatively affected. This demonstrates the degree of negative impact these injuries have on the careers of NFL players. It also indicates that a player\u27s standing within the league before injury strongly influences how much an ACL injury will affect his career

Voices of Midlife Tomboys: A Narrative Study

Women\u27s lives have been increasingly researched in the last thirty years, offering greater understanding of their roles and relationships within our patriarchal culture. It is now readily understood that adolescence tends to mute the positive sense of self and authentic voice of young girls in our current culture, and midlife tends to relax these restrictions, allowing self and voice to emerge once again. Many women in their middle years rediscover the spirited, independent, and competent identity left behind when they accepted cultural restrictions to conform to a world that was not of their own making. In spite of the increased knowledge about women\u27s lives, however, virtually no studies have concentrated on the cultural experiences of tomboy women. Tomboys have been defined as cultural rebels for over six centuries, yet their personal stories have not been studied to identify their patterns of acceptance or resistance to social restrictions. The purpose of this study was to gather and analyze narratives of the historical events and challenges of ten midlife heterosexual tomboy women in an effort to better understand their life choices. The four original questions were organized around the specific life events of being childhood tomboys, navigating adolescence, selecting careers, and experiencing midlife. This qualitative research method involved a reflective narrative process which encouraged personal life stories to emerge in three ways: oral interviews, individual selection of a photograph or creative art piece that reflected how they felt about having lived their lives as tomboys, and written description interpreting their representative art. These stories were then woven into themes in an effort to create a mosaic of their common experiences. The portraits that emerged from this study supported cultural tomboy traditions of independence and a refusal to be squelched either physically or mentally. Their childhoods were free and independent, but adolescence was difficult for some primarily because they no longer were allowed to roam freely in the male world, and they did not want to live in the female world. Their competitive strengths and love of physical expression could not be contained for long, however, and they regained their strong sense of self in early adulthood. These tomboys shared a light-hearted and irreverent humor, continued high level of energy in their midlife years, an enthusiasm for their maverick natures, and a firm determination to maintain an authentic voice that has been a tomboy trademark for hundreds of years. It appears the Tomboy Archetype not only survives, but continues to thrive in spite of cultural pressures. For these women, being a tomboy is a lifetime identity they hold with great pride

Tactical Errors: Union And Confederate Armies Were Hampered By Atlanta\u27s Landscape

In Atlanta 1864, Richard McMurry ably retraces the familiar scholarly analysis of Confederate command interplay during the Atlanta campaign, in which wartime field tent strategies collided with the long distance meddling of Richmond. Disappointingly, nothing fresh and new rises from McMurry\u27s...

Food Availability and Utilization for Cultured Hard Clams

Aquaculture of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria is a valuable industry on the east coast. At high planting densities, cultured bivalves can become limited by food availability, resulting in reduced growth. Centric diatoms are considered the dominant food source to cultured bivalves. Alternative sources may also be important, including resuspended benthic microalgae (pennate diatoms) and detritus from macroalgae growing on predator exclusion nets. This study measured (1) the availability of different food sources in clam beds at Cherrystone Inlet in Chesapeake Bay, including the effects of macroalgae on food availability, and (2) the clearance rates and absorption efficiencies by cultured clams on individual and mixed food treatments in laboratory feeding experiments. Abundances of benthic microalgae (pennate diatoms) were similar to or greater than centric diatoms. Detritus availability under nets was related significantly to macroalgal abundance. Mass-specific clearance rates and absorption efficiencies were similar among food sources, but differences in the percentage of clams feeding on each treatment suggest macroalgal detritus was less utilized by clams than either phytoplankton or benthic microalgae. Both phytoplankton and benthic microalgae appeared to be valuable food sources to clams, both in terms of in situ abundance and relative food value indices calculated from feeding studies. Though food value was lower for macroalgal detritus, the high availability of this source to clams during blooms suggests it may be important seasonally. Lower diatom concentrations under nets compared to above during a macroalgal bloom suggest dense blooms may limit diatom availability to clams. Future modeling of cultured bivalve carrying capacity should consider the importance of multiple food sources in aquaculture environments

The Challenge of Teaching Adults

This Paper will concentrate on offering to attendees some tools to utilize in meeting the challenge of teaching adults, as we approach the twenty-first century. The Paper will discuss such areas as what motivates adults to return to college, how to satisfy their needs, and how adults learn. The Paper will also touch on human relations and the learning process, and on the power of participation, and will offer a plan for participation. The Paper will cover formats for group work, processes that affect group productivity, assigning group grades, and handling student questions; and will conclude by offering some simple guidelines for more effective teaching

Guidelines for Using Study Groups Effectively in Teaching and Learning

Instructors face a tremendous challenge when preparing students to enter the 21 81 Century. This Paper offers some tools to use in meeting this challenge. The Paper discusses some factors instructors need to keep in mind when creating groups, development stages of groups, suggested formats for effective group work, and how group interaction, learning, and productivity are affected. The Paper also offers information on dynamics of study groups, touches on the social benefits the groups derive from task and maintenance functions, and offers rules for groups to petform effectively. The role of the instructor in the group process is explained, and suggestions are offered to assign group grades. The Paper concludes by discussing the advantages of the study group process