University of Oklahoma College of Law

Anderson, John P.

Kidd, Jeremy

English

Market Failure and Censorship in the Marketplace of Ideas

OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEWARTICLESNon-Human Stakeholders: Testing the Boundaries  Justin Blount &of Stakeholder Theory   Michael ConklinMarket Failure and Censorship in the Marketplace  John P. Andersonof Ideas   & Jeremy KiddTesla, Let Me Fix My Car: The Right to Repair and the Need for a Balance Between Public and Private   Enforcement  Emanuele S. Putrino COMMENTS Prioritizing Oklahoma Mothers: Recommending Rehabilitation and Recovery Rather than Punishment   for Pregnancy  Alex B. CoxPFAS, Planes, and Problems: PFAS Regulation     in the Aerospace and Aviation Industries Emery G. GreenNOTE Cyberflashing: Exposing Oklahoma’s Legal Loophole  Sara Wray  VOLUME 76000000000WINTER 2024000000000NUMBER 2Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024Except as otherwise expressly provided, the author of each article in thisvolume has granted permission for copies of that article to be made and usedby nonprofit educational institutions, provided that the author and theOklahoma Law Review are identified and that proper notice of the copyrightis affixed to each copy.  In all other cases, the author and the Oklahoma LawReview should be contacted directly.Cite as: 76 OKLA. L. REV. ____ (2024).The Oklahoma Law Review online edition, ISSN 2473-9111, is edited and compiled at theCollege of Law of the University of Oklahoma.  Copyright February 2024 by the Oklahoma LawReview.  Manufactured in the United States of America.  The Oklahoma Law Review ispublished quarterly and is available online via Digital Commons, Westlaw, Lexis, HeinOnline,and the OLR website, http://www.law.ou.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/journals/oklahoma-law-review.Selected back issues are available electronically free of charge via the Oklahoma LawReview’s Digital Commons page, at http://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/.Editorial office: All editorial communications should be directed by email tomwaters@ou.edu, or by regular mail to the Editor-in-Chief, Oklahoma Law Review, Universityof Oklahoma College of Law, 300 Timberdell Road, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.  https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol76/iss2/1UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF LAWADMINISTRATIONKatheleen Guzman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Dean of the College of Law, Director of the Law Center, Fenelon Boesche Chair of Law, and MAPCO/Williams Presidential Professor.Andrew M. Coats, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, Director Emeritus, and Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation Presidential Professor.Melissa Mortazavi, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Academics and Professor of Law.Gail Mullins, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Experiential Learning, andAssistant Professor of Law.Joseph Thai, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Enrichment, Glenn R. Watson CentennialChair in Law, and Presidential Professor.Stanley L. Evans, B.B.A., M.B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean Emeritus.Jennifer Needham, B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean of Students..William Andrews, B.A., Director of Marketing and Communications.Kenton Brice, B.B.A., J.D., M.S., L.S., Director of the Law Library and Associate Professor of Law.Alicia Currin-Moore, B.A., J.D., Director, Office of Career Development, and Adjunct Professor ofLaw.Maddie Farris, B.A., J.D., Director of Admissions.Darin Fox, B.A., J.D., M.S., Director of Accreditation and Reporting.Taylor Freeman Peshehonoff, B.A., J.D., Director of Competitions and Externships and AssistantProfessor of Law.Angie Hockett, B.B.A., Director of Financial Services.Anna Inhofe Hull, B.A., J.D., Director of Advancement, OU Foundation.Peter C. Kraemer, B.A., M.A., M.A., Director of Faculty Support.Erin Means DeWalt, B.S., J.D., Director of Legal Research and Writing and Assistant Professor ofLaw.Amy Pepper, B.A., J.D., Director, OU Legal Clinics, Assistant Professor of Clinical Education..Sunny Rowland, B.S., J.D., Director of Academic and Bar Support, and Director of Legal AssistantEducation.Jim Shuster, A.A.S., B.S., M.B.A., Director of IT Infrastructure.Katie Spencer, B.A., J.D., Director of Career Development.Michelle Stephens, B.A., J.D., Executive Director of Development, OU Foundation.Alyssa Erwin Buettner, B.A., J.D., Associate Director of Admissions.Robert Linz, B.A., J.D., M.S.L.I.S, Associate Director of the Law Library.Kayla Doiron, B.S., M.B.A., J.D., Associate Director of Career Development.Addison Witzel, B.B.A., M.A., Associate Director of Admissions.Elaine B. Bradshaw, B.M., M.A., M.L.I.S., Assistant Director for Collections and Digital Products.Deah Caldwell, B.A., M.A., Manager of Events and Continuing Legal Education.Noa Gonzales, B.A., Communications and Events Specialist.Shemeka Johnson, A.A., B.A., Executive Assistant to the Dean.Rebecca J. Lucas, Registrar and Study Abroad Coordinator.Michael F. Waters, B.A., M.A., Editorial Advisor for the Law Reviews.Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024FACULTYOwen L. Anderson, B.A.,  J.D., Eugene Kuntz Chair in Law in Oil, Gas and Natural ResourcesEmeritus, and George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus. Evelyn Aswad, BSFS, J.D., Herman G. Kaiser Chair in International Law.Mary Sue Backus, B.A., M.A.T., J.D., Associate Dean of Student Services, Robert Glenn RappFoundation Presidential Professor, and Hugh Roff Professor of Law Emeritus.Brenda H. Barnes, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Legal Education.Donald T. Bogan, A.B., J.D., Thomas P. Hester Presidential Professor, and Frank Elkouri and EdnaAsper Elkouri Professor in Law.Kenton Brice, B.B.A., J.D., M.S., L.S., Director of the Law Library and Associate Professor of Law.Kara Bruce, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Steven J. Cleveland, B.A., J.D., Thomas P. Hester Presidential Professor, and Professor of Law.Andrew M. Coats, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, Director Emeritus, and Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation Presidential Professor.Taylor Freeman Peshehonoff, B.A., J.D., Director of Competitions and Externships and AssistantProfessor of Law.Steven S. Gensler, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Academics, Gene and Elaine Edwards Family Chairin Law, and President’s Associates Presidential Professor.Mark R. Gillett, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.Katheleen Guzman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Dean of the College of Law, Director of the Law Center,Fenelon Boesche Chair of Law, and MAPCO/Williams Presidential Professor.Taiawagi Helton, B.A., J.D., LL.M., W. DeVier Pierson Professor of Law.Stephen E. Henderson, B.S., J.D., Judge Haskell A. Holloman Professor of Law.Eric E. Johnson, B.A., J.D., Earl Sneed Centennial Professor of Law.Drew Kershen, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.F. Stephen Knippenberg, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Floyd H. and Martha Norris Chair in Law Emeritus.Guha Krishnamurthi, B.S., M.S., M.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law.Peter F. Krug, B.A., M.S., Ph.D., J.D., Herman G. Kaiser Foundation Chair in International LawEmeritus.Peter B Kutner, A.B., J.D., Hugh Roff Professor of Law Emeritus.Brian McCall, B.A., M.A., J.D., Orpha & Maurice Merrill Professor in Law.William J. McNichols, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Erin Means DeWalt, B.S., J.D., Director of Legal Research and Writing and Assistant Professor ofLaw.Samuel Merchant, B.A., J.D., Visiting Professor of Law.Roger Michalski, B.A., J.D., Ph.D., Professor of Law.Frederick H. Miller, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Melissa Mortazavi, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Gail Mullins, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Experiential Learning, andAssistant Professor of Law.Daniel Nicholson, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.Joyce Palomar, B.S., M.A., J.D., Kenneth E. McAfee Chair in Law Emeritus, and Ada Lois SipuelFisher Presidential Professor.Alex Pearl, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Tracy Hresko Pearl, B.A., M.Sc., J.D., Professor of Law.Amy Pepper, B.A., J.D., Director, OU Legal Clinics, Assistant Professor of Clinical Education.Robyn M. Powell, B.S., J.D., M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor.Carla D. Pratt, B.A., J.D., Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher Chair in Civil Rights, Race, and Justice.Robert E.L. Richardson, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.Liesa Richter, B.S., J.D., Floyd H. & Martha Norris Chair in Law, and Thomas P. Hester PresidentialProfessor.Theodore Roberts, B.S., J.D., Edith Kinney Gaylord Presidential Professor, and Professorof Law Emeritus.Lindsay G. Robertson, A.B., M.A., Ph.D., J.D., Faculty Director, Center for the Study of AmericanIndian Law and Policy, Chickasaw Nation Endowed Chair in Native American Law, and Sam K.Viersen Jr. Family Foundation Presidential Professor Emeritus.Michael A. Scaperlanda, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Zachary M. Schmook, B.S., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol76/iss2/1Joseph Schremmer, B.A., B.S., M.B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law. Megan Wischmeier Shaner, B.S., J.D., Arch B. & Jo Anne Gilbert Professor of Law, President’sAssociates Presidential Professor.Robert G. Spector, B.S., J.D., Glenn R. Watson Centennial Chair in Law Emeritus.David Swank, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, and David Ross Boyd Professor of Law Emeritus.Murray Tabb, B.A., M.A., J.D., LL.M., Judge Fred A. Daugherty Chair in Law, and David Ross BoydProfessor.Phyllis Taite, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law.Rebekah C. Taylor, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Legal Education.Rick Tepker, B.A., J.D., Floyd & Irma Calvert Chair of Law and Liberty Emeritus.Joseph T. Thai, A.B., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Scholarship, Glenn R. Watson CentennialChair in Law, and Presidential Professor.Stacey Ann Tovino, B.A., J.D., Ph.D., William J. Alley Professor of Law.Emilie Wedman, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.This publication is issued online by the University of Oklahoma College of Law as authorized by Dean Katheleen Guzman.  It is available bysubscription via Westlaw, Lexis, and HeinOnline, and at no charge via Digital Commons and the College of Law website.Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEWEDITED AND COMPILED AT THE COLLEGE OF LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMAAND PUBLISHED QUARTERLY© Oklahoma Law Review, 2024MADISON ESTESEditor-in-ChiefT. GRACE HALLManaging EditorKALE PARKERExecutive Articles EditorEMILY FOGGEMERY GREENSTEPHANIE HAYESArticles EditorsCARLEE APELPARKER LAWTERRACHEL MILLERNICK RUPERTCHAD SMITHTREY WATERSAssistant Managing EditorsSKYLAR HILLResearch Editor &Candidate MentorNICK CANDIDOSOPHIA SILVERNAILTREY WATERSJudiciary CommitteeALEX COXOutreach EditorCALEB OSIGIANDANIEL WHEELOCKSARA WRAYNote & CommentEditorsCONNOR CLARKMARGARET EASTHANNAH EDMONDSONSKYLAR HILLAssistant ArticlesEditorsEMILY BROWNSymposium EditorNICKOLAS CURRYTopic Editor& Candidate MentorCONNOR CLARKNICKOLAS CURRYMARGARET EASTStaff EditorsCANDIDATES FOR MEMBERSHIPTRISHA BUNCEALISHA CLEGGMEGAN DAVISHANNA DOUDICANDEVIN DOUTAZANNIE DUNNROBERT EVANSCHASE HAMILTONTRAVIS HANDLERMADISON HOMERCOLLIN KETELSLEGERBEN MASONMICAH MAYSHOWARD MCMURRYDUNCAN MERCHAN-BREUERGABRIEL NGOJAMIE PECKMATT PRESTONANDREW SCHUMANABBY SELZERNABIHAH SHAHCARLYN SHOCKLEYDA SMITHANNA SPICERMASON STRANDHUNTER TROUTJACK WEBBGRACE ZIZZOhttps://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol76/iss2/1OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEWVOLUME 76 WINTER 2024 NUMBER 2ARTICLESNon-Human Stakeholders: Testing the Boundaries of StakeholderTheory Justin Blount & Michael Conklin 00229Market Failure and Censorship in the Marketplace of Ideas John P. Anderson & Jeremy Kidd 00269Tesla, Let Me Fix My Car: The Right to Repair and the Needfor a Balance Between Public and Private EnforcementEmanuele S. Putrino 00351COMMENTSPrioritizing Oklahoma Mothers: Recommending Rehabilitationand Recovery Rather than Punishment for PregnancyAlex B. Cox 00397PFAS, Planes, and Problems: PFAS Regulation in the Aerospaceand Aviation IndustriesEmery G. Green 00441NOTECyberflashing: Exposing Oklahoma’s Legal LoopholeSara Wray 00483Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024

Front Pages

Mears, Dwight S.

Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890

Hall, T. Grace

Holding All the Cards: The Role of the Oklahoma Family Wealth Preservation Trust Act in the Game of Domestic Asset Protection

AMERICANINDIAN LAWREVIEWVolume XLVIII, Number 1(2023-2024)The University of Oklahoma College of Law Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024AMERICAN INDIAN LAW REVIEWVolume XLVIII, Number 12023-2024https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol48/iss1/1THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF LAWADMINISTRATIONKatheleen Guzman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Dean of the College of Law, Director of the Law Center, Fenelon Boesche Chair of Law, and MAPCO/Williams Presidential Professor.Andrew M. Coats, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, Director Emeritus, and Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation Presidential Professor.Melissa Mortazavi, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Academics and Professor of Law.Gail Mullins, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Experiential Learning, andAssistant Professor of Law.Joseph Thai, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Enrichment, Glenn R. Watson CentennialChair in Law, and Presidential Professor.Stanley L. Evans, B.B.A., M.B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean Emeritus.Jennifer Needham, B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean of Students..William Andrews, B.A., Director of Marketing and Communications.Kenton Brice, B.B.A., J.D., M.S., L.S., Director of the Law Library and Associate Professor of Law.Alicia Currin-Moore, B.A., J.D., Director, Office of Career Development, and Adjunct Professor ofLaw.Maddie Farris, B.A., J.D., Director of Admissions.Darin Fox, B.A., J.D., M.S., Director of Accreditation and Reporting.Taylor Freeman Peshehonoff, B.A., J.D., Director of Competitions and Externships and AssistantProfessor of Law.Angie Hockett, B.B.A., Director of Financial Services.Anna Inhofe Hull, B.A., J.D., Director of Advancement, OU Foundation.Peter C. Kraemer, B.A., M.A., M.A., Director of Faculty Support.Erin Means DeWalt, B.S., J.D., Director of Legal Research and Writing and Assistant Professor ofLaw.Amy Pepper, B.A., J.D., Director, OU Legal Clinics, Assistant Professor of Clinical Education..Sunny Rowland, B.S., J.D., Director of Academic and Bar Support, and Director of Legal AssistantEducation.Jim Shuster, A.A.S., B.S., M.B.A., Director of IT Infrastructure.Katie Spencer, B.A., J.D., Director of Career Development.Michelle Stephens, B.A., J.D., Executive Director of Development, OU Foundation.Alyssa Erwin Buettner, B.A., J.D., Associate Director of Admissions.Robert Linz, B.A., J.D., M.S.L.I.S, Associate Director of the Law Library.Kayla Doiron, B.S., M.B.A., J.D., Associate Director of Career Development.Addison Witzel, B.B.A., M.A., Associate Director of Admissions.Elaine B. Bradshaw, B.M., M.A., M.L.I.S., Assistant Director for Collections and Digital Products.Deah Caldwell, B.A., M.A., Manager of Events and Continuing Legal Education.Noa Gonzales, B.A., Communications and Events Specialist.Shemeka Johnson, A.A., B.A., Executive Assistant to the Dean.Rebecca J. Lucas, Registrar and Study Abroad Coordinator.Michael F. Waters, B.A., M.A., Editorial Advisor for the Law Reviews.Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024FACULTYOwen L. Anderson, B.A.,  J.D., Eugene Kuntz Chair in Law in Oil, Gas and Natural ResourcesEmeritus, and George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus. Evelyn Aswad, BSFS, J.D., Herman G. Kaiser Chair in International Law.Mary Sue Backus, B.A., M.A.T., J.D., Associate Dean of Student Services, Robert Glenn RappFoundation Presidential Professor, and Hugh Roff Professor of Law Emeritus.Brenda H. Barnes, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Legal Education.Donald T. Bogan, A.B., J.D., Thomas P. Hester Presidential Professor, and Frank Elkouri and EdnaAsper Elkouri Professor in Law.Kenton Brice, B.B.A., J.D., M.S., L.S., Director of the Law Library and Associate Professor of Law.Kara Bruce, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Steven J. Cleveland, B.A., J.D., Thomas P. Hester Presidential Professor, and Professor of Law.Andrew M. Coats, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, Director Emeritus, and Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation Presidential Professor.Taylor Freeman Peshehonoff, B.A., J.D., Director of Competitions and Externships and AssistantProfessor of Law.Steven S. Gensler, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Academics, Gene and Elaine Edwards Family Chairin Law, and President’s Associates Presidential Professor.Mark R. Gillett, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.Katheleen Guzman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Dean of the College of Law, Director of the Law Center,Fenelon Boesche Chair of Law, and MAPCO/Williams Presidential Professor.Taiawagi Helton, B.A., J.D., LL.M., W. DeVier Pierson Professor of Law.Stephen E. Henderson, B.S., J.D., Judge Haskell A. Holloman Professor of Law.Eric E. Johnson, B.A., J.D., Earl Sneed Centennial Professor of Law.Drew Kershen, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.F. Stephen Knippenberg, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Floyd H. and Martha Norris Chair in Law Emeritus.Guha Krishnamurthi, B.S., M.S., M.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law.Peter F. Krug, B.A., M.S., Ph.D., J.D., Herman G. Kaiser Foundation Chair in International LawEmeritus.Peter B Kutner, A.B., J.D., Hugh Roff Professor of Law Emeritus.Brian McCall, B.A., M.A., J.D., Orpha & Maurice Merrill Professor in Law.William J. McNichols, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Erin Means DeWalt, B.S., J.D., Director of Legal Research and Writing and Assistant Professor ofLaw.Samuel Merchant, B.A., J.D., Visiting Professor of Law.Roger Michalski, B.A., J.D., Ph.D., Professor of Law.Frederick H. Miller, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Melissa Mortazavi, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Gail Mullins, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Experiential Learning, andAssistant Professor of Law.Daniel Nicholson, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.Joyce Palomar, B.S., M.A., J.D., Kenneth E. McAfee Chair in Law Emeritus, and Ada Lois SipuelFisher Presidential Professor.Alex Pearl, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Tracy Hresko Pearl, B.A., M.Sc., J.D., Professor of Law.Amy Pepper, B.A., J.D., Director, OU Legal Clinics, Assistant Professor of Clinical Education.Robyn M. Powell, B.S., J.D., M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor.Carla D. Pratt, B.A., J.D., Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher Chair in Civil Rights, Race, and Justice.Robert E.L. Richardson, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.Liesa Richter, B.S., J.D., Floyd H. & Martha Norris Chair in Law, and Thomas P. Hester PresidentialProfessor.Theodore Roberts, B.S., J.D., Edith Kinney Gaylord Presidential Professor, and Professorof Law Emeritus.Lindsay G. Robertson, A.B., M.A., Ph.D., J.D., Faculty Director, Center for the Study of AmericanIndian Law and Policy, Chickasaw Nation Endowed Chair in Native American Law, and Sam K.Viersen Jr. Family Foundation Presidential Professor Emeritus.Michael A. Scaperlanda, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Zachary M. Schmook, B.S., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol48/iss1/1Joseph Schremmer, B.A., B.S., M.B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law. Megan Wischmeier Shaner, B.S., J.D., Arch B. & Jo Anne Gilbert Professor of Law, President’sAssociates Presidential Professor.Robert G. Spector, B.S., J.D., Glenn R. Watson Centennial Chair in Law Emeritus.David Swank, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, and David Ross Boyd Professor of Law Emeritus.Murray Tabb, B.A., M.A., J.D., LL.M., Judge Fred A. Daugherty Chair in Law, and David Ross BoydProfessor.Phyllis Taite, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law.Rebekah C. Taylor, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Legal Education.Rick Tepker, B.A., J.D., Floyd & Irma Calvert Chair of Law and Liberty Emeritus.Joseph T. Thai, A.B., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Scholarship, Glenn R. Watson CentennialChair in Law, and Presidential Professor.Stacey Ann Tovino, B.A., J.D., Ph.D., William J. Alley Professor of Law.Emilie Wedman, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.This publication is issued online by the University of Oklahoma College of Law as authorized by Dean Katheleen Guzman.  It is availableby subscription via Westlaw, Lexis, and HeinOnline, and at no charge via Digital Commons and the College of Law website.Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024Except as otherwise expressly provided, the author of each articlein this volume has granted permission for copies of that article to bemade for classroom or similar educational usage, provided that (1)copies are distributed at or below cost, (2) author, journal, date, andpage are identified, (3) proper notice of copyright is affixed to eachcopy, and (4) the American Indian Law Review is notified ofintended usage.  In all other cases of proposed reproduction, theAmerican Indian Law Review must be contacted for proceduralrequirements.The American Indian Law Review online edition, ISSN 1930-7918,is edited and compiled at the University of Oklahoma College ofLaw, 300 Timberdell Road, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.  The Reviewis published semiannually and is available online via DigitalCommons, Westlaw, Lexis, HeinOnline, and the AILR’s website athttp://www.ailr.net.  Copyright 2024 by the American Indian LawReview.Correspondence concerning article and note submissions, books forreview, and all other editorial matters should be addressed tomwaters@ou.edu or by regular mail to the Editor-in-Chief, AmericanIndian Law Review, University of Oklahoma College of Law, 300Timberdell Road, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.  For more information,call (405) 325-2840 or visit https://law.ou.edu/faculty-scholarship/journals/american-indian-law-review.Electronic submissions may be sent in one of two ways: (1) via theelectronic submission service Scholastica, or (2) directly to the Reviewvia mwaters@ou.edu. All versions of Microsoft Word and PDF formatsare welcome. Writer’s guidelines are available to authors via email byrequest to mwaters@ou.edu, or online at http://www.ailr.net/guidelines.Please follow The Bluebook:  A Uniform System of Citation (21st ed.)for legal sources and the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) for text.Cite this issue as: 48 AM. INDIAN L. REV. ____ (2023-2024).https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol48/iss1/1AMERICAN INDIAN LAW REVIEWJ. SANTANA SPANGLER-DAYEditor-in-ChiefRACHEL M. YOSTManaging EditorRUDY A. SANCHEZExecutive EditorCAMRYN A. CONROYMADELYNN M. DANCERLEEANN LITTLEJOHNResearch EditorsREBECCA M. KAMPLEEANN LITTLEJOHNMIRANDA PADILLADILLON M. SULLIVANAssistant Managing EditorsMIRANDA PADILLAWriting Competition EditorNICOLE LOWArticles Development EditorJAMES HULINBusiness DevelopmentEditorMEG BLOOMKARA GIVENSCAROLINE STOUT-THURMAIERSTASSI M. VULLOAssistant ExecutiveEditorsMICHAEL F. WATERS, M.A.Editorial AdvisorPublished by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024AMERICAN INDIAN LAW REVIEWMembersMACKENZIE MERIDETH BRANTLY STOCKTONMember CandidatesNEENA ALAVICHEHIVY CHASEWES CORWINSPENCER CRICHTONMEKKO FACTORSAVANNAH FRANCISEVAN GAMBLEKAYLA GRAYHANNAH HAYSSKYE TAYLORCLAIRE KERRJACOB LEWISSPENCER MARTINJULIANNE PRICEJOSH PUMPHREYDARBI ROBERTSONABRIELLE SIGLERBEN SINDERhttps://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol48/iss1/1CONTENTSCOMMENTThe Split from Precedent: An Analysis of the Negative ImpactOklahoma v. Castro-Huerta Will Have in Indian CountryMeg A. Bloom 00001NOTESThe Indian Child Welfare Act, Political Classification of “Indians,”and Preservation of Tribal Sovereignty: Children, the MostPrecious ResourceRachel Yost 00043Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta: Oklahoma’s Latest Power Grab andIts Implications for Native Women in a Post-Roe World Camryn A. Conroy 00071A Note on Navajo Nation v. Urban Outfitters, Inc. Brantly J. Stockton 00093SPECIAL FEATURESUnprincipled Preemption: Why the Supreme Court Was Wrongin Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta to Abandon Exclusive FederalJurisdiction over Crimes by Non-Indians Against Indiansin Indian CountryEric Ramoutar 00115Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards:Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890 Dwight S. Mears 00179Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024

Silvernail, Sophia

Balancing Efficiency and Authority: The Proper Role of Magistrate Judges in Section 1782 Applications for International Discovery

Friedmann-Grunstein, Ilan

Curing \u3ci\u3eTerry\u3c/i\u3e’s Colorblindness

Bennett Fleming, Nathan L.

After Affirmative Action: Contextual Admissions and the Future of African American Law School Enrollment

OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEWARTICLESKnown Unknowns: Unmeasurable Hazards and  the Limits of Risk Regulation   Timothy D. LyttonCopyright in AI Training Data: A Human-Centered  Approach   David W. OpderbeckCuring Terry’s Colorblindness  Ilan Friedmann-GrunsteinCOMMENTS Taking Aim at ShotSpotter: Gunshot Surveillance, The Fourth Amendment, and an Argument    for Sonic Security  Emily A. FoggOn the Basis of Pink: Finding a Balanced Approach to Addressing Gender-Based Price Discrimination   on a National Level  Emily L. BrownNOTE Balancing Efficiency and Authority: The Proper Role of Magistrate Judges in Section 1782 Applications   for International Discovery  Sophia Silvernail  VOLUME 76000000000SUMMER 2024000000000NUMBER 4Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024Except as otherwise expressly provided, the author of each article in thisvolume has granted permission for copies of that article to be made and usedby nonprofit educational institutions, provided that the author and theOklahoma Law Review are identified and that proper notice of the copyrightis affixed to each copy.  In all other cases, the author and the Oklahoma LawReview should be contacted directly.Cite as: 76 OKLA. L. REV. ____ (2024).The Oklahoma Law Review online edition, ISSN 2473-9111, is edited and compiled at theCollege of Law of the University of Oklahoma.  Copyright June 2024 by the Oklahoma LawReview.  Manufactured in the United States of America.  The Oklahoma Law Review ispublished quarterly and is available online via Digital Commons, Westlaw, Lexis, HeinOnline,and the OLR website, http://www.law.ou.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/journals/oklahoma-law-review.Selected back issues are available electronically free of charge via the Oklahoma LawReview’s Digital Commons page, at http://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/.Editorial office: All editorial communications should be directed by email tomwaters@ou.edu, or by regular mail to the Editor-in-Chief, Oklahoma Law Review, Universityof Oklahoma College of Law, 300 Timberdell Road, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.  https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol76/iss4/1UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF LAWADMINISTRATIONKatheleen Guzman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Dean of the College of Law, Director of the Law Center, Fenelon Boesche Chair of Law, and MAPCO/Williams Presidential Professor.Andrew M. Coats, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, Director Emeritus, and Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation Presidential Professor.Melissa Mortazavi, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Academics and Professor of Law.Gail Mullins, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Experiential Learning, andAssistant Professor of Law.Joseph Thai, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Enrichment, Glenn R. Watson CentennialChair in Law, and Presidential Professor.Stanley L. Evans, B.B.A., M.B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean Emeritus.Jennifer Needham, B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean of Students..William Andrews, B.A., Director of Marketing and Communications.Kenton Brice, B.B.A., J.D., M.S., L.S., Director of the Law Library and Associate Professor of Law.Alicia Currin-Moore, B.A., J.D., Director, Office of Career Development, and Adjunct Professor ofLaw.Maddie Farris, B.A., J.D., Director of Admissions.Darin Fox, B.A., J.D., M.S., Director of Accreditation and Reporting.Taylor Freeman Peshehonoff, B.A., J.D., Director of Competitions and Externships and AssistantProfessor of Law.Angie Hockett, B.B.A., Director of Financial Services.Anna Inhofe Hull, B.A., J.D., Director of Advancement, OU Foundation.Peter C. Kraemer, B.A., M.A., M.A., Director of Faculty Support.Erin Means DeWalt, B.S., J.D., Director of Legal Research and Writing and Assistant Professor ofLaw.Amy Pepper, B.A., J.D., Director, OU Legal Clinics, Assistant Professor of Clinical Education..Sunny Rowland, B.S., J.D., Director of Academic and Bar Support, and Director of Legal AssistantEducation.Jim Shuster, A.A.S., B.S., M.B.A., Director of IT Infrastructure.Katie Spencer, B.A., J.D., Director of Career Development.Michelle Stephens, B.A., J.D., Executive Director of Development, OU Foundation.Alyssa Erwin Buettner, B.A., J.D., Associate Director of Admissions.Robert Linz, B.A., J.D., M.S.L.I.S, Associate Director of the Law Library.Kayla Doiron, B.S., M.B.A., J.D., Associate Director of Career Development.Addison Witzel, B.B.A., M.A., Associate Director of Admissions.Elaine B. Bradshaw, B.M., M.A., M.L.I.S., Assistant Director for Collections and Digital Products.Deah Caldwell, B.A., M.A., Manager of Events and Continuing Legal Education.Noa Gonzales, B.A., Communications and Events Specialist.Shemeka Johnson, A.A., B.A., Executive Assistant to the Dean.Rebecca J. Lucas, Registrar and Study Abroad Coordinator.Michael F. Waters, B.A., M.A., Editorial Advisor for the Law Reviews.Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024FACULTYOwen L. Anderson, B.A.,  J.D., Eugene Kuntz Chair in Law in Oil, Gas and Natural ResourcesEmeritus, and George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus. Evelyn Aswad, BSFS, J.D., Herman G. Kaiser Chair in International Law.Mary Sue Backus, B.A., M.A.T., J.D., Associate Dean of Student Services, Robert Glenn RappFoundation Presidential Professor, and Hugh Roff Professor of Law Emeritus.Brenda H. Barnes, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Legal Education.Donald T. Bogan, A.B., J.D., Thomas P. Hester Presidential Professor, and Frank Elkouri and EdnaAsper Elkouri Professor in Law.Kenton Brice, B.B.A., J.D., M.S., L.S., Director of the Law Library and Associate Professor of Law.Kara Bruce, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Steven J. Cleveland, B.A., J.D., Thomas P. Hester Presidential Professor, and Professor of Law.Andrew M. Coats, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, Director Emeritus, and Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation Presidential Professor.Taylor Freeman Peshehonoff, B.A., J.D., Director of Competitions and Externships and AssistantProfessor of Law.Steven S. Gensler, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Academics, Gene and Elaine Edwards Family Chairin Law, and President’s Associates Presidential Professor.Mark R. Gillett, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.Katheleen Guzman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Dean of the College of Law, Director of the Law Center,Fenelon Boesche Chair of Law, and MAPCO/Williams Presidential Professor.Taiawagi Helton, B.A., J.D., LL.M., W. DeVier Pierson Professor of Law.Stephen E. Henderson, B.S., J.D., Judge Haskell A. Holloman Professor of Law.Eric E. Johnson, B.A., J.D., Earl Sneed Centennial Professor of Law.Drew Kershen, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.F. Stephen Knippenberg, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Floyd H. and Martha Norris Chair in Law Emeritus.Guha Krishnamurthi, B.S., M.S., M.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law.Peter F. Krug, B.A., M.S., Ph.D., J.D., Herman G. Kaiser Foundation Chair in International LawEmeritus.Peter B Kutner, A.B., J.D., Hugh Roff Professor of Law Emeritus.Brian McCall, B.A., M.A., J.D., Orpha & Maurice Merrill Professor in Law.William J. McNichols, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Erin Means DeWalt, B.S., J.D., Director of Legal Research and Writing and Assistant Professor ofLaw.Samuel Merchant, B.A., J.D., Visiting Professor of Law.Roger Michalski, B.A., J.D., Ph.D., Professor of Law.Frederick H. Miller, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Melissa Mortazavi, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Gail Mullins, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Experiential Learning, andAssistant Professor of Law.Daniel Nicholson, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.Joyce Palomar, B.S., M.A., J.D., Kenneth E. McAfee Chair in Law Emeritus, and Ada Lois SipuelFisher Presidential Professor.Alex Pearl, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law.Tracy Hresko Pearl, B.A., M.Sc., J.D., Professor of Law.Amy Pepper, B.A., J.D., Director, OU Legal Clinics, Assistant Professor of Clinical Education.Robyn M. Powell, B.S., J.D., M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor.Carla D. Pratt, B.A., J.D., Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher Chair in Civil Rights, Race, and Justice.Robert E.L. Richardson, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law Emeritus.Liesa Richter, B.S., J.D., Floyd H. & Martha Norris Chair in Law, and Thomas P. Hester PresidentialProfessor.Theodore Roberts, B.S., J.D., Edith Kinney Gaylord Presidential Professor, and Professorof Law Emeritus.Lindsay G. Robertson, A.B., M.A., Ph.D., J.D., Faculty Director, Center for the Study of AmericanIndian Law and Policy, Chickasaw Nation Endowed Chair in Native American Law, and Sam K.Viersen Jr. Family Foundation Presidential Professor Emeritus.Michael A. Scaperlanda, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus.Zachary M. Schmook, B.S., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol76/iss4/1Joseph Schremmer, B.A., B.S., M.B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law. Megan Wischmeier Shaner, B.S., J.D., Arch B. & Jo Anne Gilbert Professor of Law, President’sAssociates Presidential Professor.Robert G. Spector, B.S., J.D., Glenn R. Watson Centennial Chair in Law Emeritus.David Swank, B.A., J.D., Dean Emeritus, and David Ross Boyd Professor of Law Emeritus.Murray Tabb, B.A., M.A., J.D., LL.M., Judge Fred A. Daugherty Chair in Law, and David Ross BoydProfessor.Phyllis Taite, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law.Rebekah C. Taylor, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Legal Education.Rick Tepker, B.A., J.D., Floyd & Irma Calvert Chair of Law and Liberty Emeritus.Joseph T. Thai, A.B., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Scholarship, Glenn R. Watson CentennialChair in Law, and Presidential Professor.Stacey Ann Tovino, B.A., J.D., Ph.D., William J. Alley Professor of Law.Emilie Wedman, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing.This publication is issued online by the University of Oklahoma College of Law as authorized by Dean Katheleen Guzman.  It is available bysubscription via Westlaw, Lexis, and HeinOnline, and at no charge via Digital Commons and the College of Law website.Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEWEDITED AND COMPILED AT THE COLLEGE OF LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMAAND PUBLISHED QUARTERLY© Oklahoma Law Review, 2024MADISON ESTESEditor-in-ChiefT. GRACE HALLManaging EditorKALE PARKERExecutive Articles EditorEMILY FOGGEMERY GREENSTEPHANIE HAYESArticles EditorsCARLEE APELPARKER LAWTERRACHEL MILLERNICK RUPERTCHAD SMITHTREY WATERSAssistant Managing EditorsSKYLAR HILLResearch Editor &Candidate MentorNICK CANDIDOSOPHIA SILVERNAILTREY WATERSJudiciary CommitteeALEX COXOutreach EditorCALEB OSIGIANDANIEL WHEELOCKSARA WRAYNote & CommentEditorsCONNOR CLARKMARGARET EASTHANNAH EDMONDSONSKYLAR HILLAssistant ArticlesEditorsEMILY BROWNSymposium EditorNICKOLAS CURRYTopic Editor& Candidate MentorCONNOR CLARKNICKOLAS CURRYMARGARET EASTStaff EditorsCANDIDATES FOR MEMBERSHIPTRISHA BUNCEALISHA CLEGGMEGAN DAVISHANNA DOUDICANDEVIN DOUTAZANNIE DUNNROBERT EVANSCHASE HAMILTONTRAVIS HANDLERMADISON HOMERCOLLIN KETELSLEGERBEN MASONMICAH MAYSHOWARD MCMURRYDUNCAN MERCHAN-BREUERGABRIEL NGOJAMIE PECKMATT PRESTONANDREW SCHUMANABBY SELZERNABIHAH SHAHCARLYN SHOCKLEYDA SMITHANNA SPICERMASON STRANDHUNTER TROUTJACK WEBBGRACE ZIZZOhttps://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol76/iss4/1OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEWVOLUME 76 SUMMER 2024 NUMBER 4ARTICLESKnown Unknowns: Unmeasurable Hazards and the Limitsof Risk Regulation  00Timothy D. Lytton 00857Copyright in AI Training Data: A Human-Centered ApproachDavid W. Opderbeck 00951Curing Terry’s Colorblindness Ilan Friedmann-Grunstein 01025COMMENTSTaking Aim at ShotSpotter: Gunshot Surveillance, The FourthAmendment, and an Argument for Sonic SecurityEmily A. Fogg 01093On the Basis of Pink: Finding a Balanced Approach to AddressingGender-Based Price Discrimination on a National LevelEmily L. Brown 01143NOTEBalancing Efficiency and Authority: The Proper Role of MagistrateJudges in Section 1782 Applications for International DiscoverySophia Silvernail 01191Published by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, 2024

De Barbieri, Edward W.

Lawmakers and Economic Othering

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Market Failure and Censorship in the Marketplace of Ideas

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Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890

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Balancing Efficiency and Authority: The Proper Role of Magistrate Judges in Section 1782 Applications for International Discovery

Curing \u3ci\u3eTerry\u3c/i\u3e’s Colorblindness

After Affirmative Action: Contextual Admissions and the Future of African American Law School Enrollment

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