ANÁLISE DO CUMPRIMENTO DE DISPOSITIVOS LEGAIS EM PRESCRIÇÕES DE MEDICAMENTOS SOB CONTROLE ESPECIAL AVIADAS EM UMA FARMÁCIA COMUNITÁRIA DE PORTO ALEGRE - RS

No ciclo de utilização de medicamento, a prescrição, documento formal no qual se apóia a dispensação, é importante contribuinte para o uso racional dos medicamentos. Este é um estudo observacional transversal, com o objetivo de avaliar o cumprimento dos dispositivos legais em receitas e notificação de receitas de medicamentos sujeitos a controle especial, aviadas no âmbito de uma farmácia comunitária de Porto Alegre, RS. De acordo com os critérios analisados, observou-se que 95,6% apresentavam pelo menos uma inconformidade, com uma média de 1,82±0,9 inconformidade por prescrição. Com relação ao tipo de inconformidade, 48,7% eram devido a não descrição por extenso da quantidade de medicamentos a serem dispensados; 32,9% eram inconformidades relativas aos dados de identificação do paciente e 9,4% apresentavam problemas de legibilidade. O não cumprimento dos dispositivos legais em prescrições pode desencadear erros de dispensação, fraudes, bem como interferência no resultado terapêutico e surgimento de eventos adversos. Neste contexto, prescritores, farmacêuticos e demais profissionais da saúde precisam cumprir sua respectiva parcela de responsabilidade e implementar estratégias, como treinamentos, padronização de procedimentos e condutas que viabilizem adequação à legislação em vigor

ANÁLISE DO CUMPRIMENTO DE DISPOSITIVOS LEGAIS EM PRESCRIÇÕES DE MEDICAMENTOS SOB CONTROLE ESPECIAL AVIADAS EM UMA FARMÁCIA COMUNITÁRIA DE PORTO ALEGRE - RS

No ciclo de utilização de medicamento, a prescrição, documento formal no qual se apóia a dispensação, é importante contribuinte para o uso racional dos medicamentos. Este é um estudo observacional transversal, com o objetivo de avaliar o cumprimento dos dispositivos legais em receitas e notificação de receitas de medicamentos sujeitos a controle especial, aviadas no âmbito de uma farmácia comunitária de Porto Alegre, RS. De acordo com os critérios analisados, observou-se que 95,6% apresentavam pelo menos uma inconformidade, com uma média de 1,82±0,9 inconformidade por prescrição. Com relação ao tipo de inconformidade, 48,7% eram devido a não descrição por extenso da quantidade de medicamentos a serem dispensados; 32,9% eram inconformidades relativas aos dados de identificação do paciente e 9,4% apresentavam problemas de legibilidade. O não cumprimento dos dispositivos legais em prescrições pode desencadear erros de dispensação, fraudes, bem como interferência no resultado terapêutico e surgimento de eventos adversos. Neste contexto, prescritores, farmacêuticos e demais profissionais da saúde precisam cumprir sua respectiva parcela de responsabilidade e implementar estratégias, como treinamentos, padronização de procedimentos e condutas que viabilizem adequação à legislação em vigor

COVID-19 outcomes in people living with HIV: Peering through the waves

Objective: To evaluate clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients infected with HIV, and to compare with a paired sample without HIV infection. Methods: This is a substudy of a Brazilian multicentric cohort that comprised two periods (2020 and 2021). Data was obtained through the retrospective review of medical records. Primary outcomes were admission to the intensive care unit, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death. Patients with HIV and controls were matched for age, sex, number of comorbidities, and hospital of origin using the technique of propensity score matching (up to 4:1). They were compared using the Chi-Square or Fisher's Exact tests for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon for numerical variables. Results: Throughout the study, 17,101 COVID-19 patients were hospitalized, and 130 (0.76%) of those were infected with HIV. The median age was 54 (IQR: 43.0;64.0) years in 2020 and 53 (IQR: 46.0;63.5) years in 2021, with a predominance of females in both periods. People Living with HIV (PLHIV) and their controls showed similar prevalence for admission to the ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation requirement in the two periods, with no significant differences. In 2020, in-hospital mortality was higher in the PLHIV compared to the controls (27.9% vs. 17.7%; p = 0.049), but there was no difference in mortality between groups in 2021 (25.0% vs. 25.1%; p > 0.999). Conclusions: Our results reiterate that PLHIV were at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality in the early stages of the pandemic, however, this finding did not sustain in 2021, when the mortality rate is similar to the control group

Incipient parallel evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron variant in South Brazil

With the coexistence of multiple lineages and increased international travel, recombination and gene flow are likely to become increasingly important in the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2. These processes could result in genetic introgression and the incipient parallel evolution of multiple recombinant lineages. However, identifying recombinant lineages is challenging, and the true extent of recombinant evolution in SARS-CoV-2 may be underestimated. This study describes the first SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron recombinant case identified in Brazil. We demonstrate that the recombination breakpoint is at the beginning of the Spike gene. The 5′ genome portion (circa 22 kb) resembles the AY.101 (Delta), and the 3′ genome portion (circa 8 kb nucleotides) is most similar to the BA.1.1 (Omicron). Furthermore, evolutionary genomic analyses indicate that the new strain emerged after a single recombination event between lineages of diverse geographical locations in December 2021 in South Brazil. This Deltacron, AYBA-RS, is one of the dozens of recombinants described in 2022. The submission of only four sequences in the GISAID database suggests that this lineage had a minor epidemiological impact. However, the recent emergence of this and other Deltacron recombinant lineages (XD, XF, and XS) suggests that gene flow and recombination may play an increasingly important role in the COVID-19 pandemic. We explain the evolutionary and population genetic theory that supports this assertion, concluding that this stresses the need for continued genomic surveillance. This monitoring is vital for countries where multiple variants are present, as well as for countries that receive significant inbound international travel

Assessment of risk scores to predict mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit

ObjectivesTo assess the ABC2-SPH score in predicting COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and to compare its performance with other scores (SOFA, SAPS-3, NEWS2, 4C Mortality Score, SOARS, CURB-65, modified CHA2DS2-VASc, and a novel severity score).Materials and methodsConsecutive patients (≥ 18 years) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs of 25 hospitals, located in 17 Brazilian cities, from October 2020 to March 2022, were included. Overall performance of the scores was evaluated using the Brier score. ABC2-SPH was used as the reference score, and comparisons between ABC2-SPH and the other scores were performed by using the Bonferroni method of correction. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsABC2-SPH had an area under the curve of 0.716 (95% CI 0.693–0.738), significantly higher than CURB-65, SOFA, NEWS2, SOARS, and modified CHA2DS2-VASc scores. There was no statistically significant difference between ABC2-SPH and SAPS-3, 4C Mortality Score, and the novel severity score.ConclusionABC2-SPH was superior to other risk scores, but it still did not demonstrate an excellent predictive ability for mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our results indicate the need to develop a new score, for this subset of patients

El Tiempo : Diario independiente: Año II Número 441 - 1909 Noviembre 28

A acidemia glutárica tipo I (AG I) é um erro inato do metabolismo de herança autossômica recessiva que se caracteriza bioquimicamente pela deficiência da atividade da enzima glutaril-CoA desidrogenase da rota de degradação dos aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina e triptofânio. O bloqueio da rota na conversão de glutaril-CoA à crotonil-CoA e resultante da deficiência enzimática leva ao acúmulo tecidual e aumento da concentração nos líquidos biológicos predominantemente dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico e, em alguns casos, do ácido glutacônico. Os pacientes afetados apresentam sintomas neurológicos especialmente após crises encefalopáticas, comuns no primeiro ano de vida, em que ocorre necrose bilateral dos gânglios da base, degeneração do globo pálido e da substância branca. Tendo em vista que a patogênese do dano cerebral na AG I é pouco conhecida e que as lesões do SNC dos pacientes muito se assemelham às lesões devido à excitotoxicidade, no presente estudo investigamos a ação dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico sobre alguns parâmetros neuroquímicos envolvendo o sistema glutamatérgico em córtex cerebral e astrócitos cultivados de córtex cerebral de ratos. Alguns desses parâmetros já haviam sido testados previamente com o ácido glutárico. Observamos que o ácido 3-hidroxiglutárico, em concentrações de 10 µM a 1 mM, não alterou a captação de L-[3H]glutamato por preparações sinaptossomais. Verificamos também que os ácidos glutárico e 3- hidroxiglutárico, nas mesmas concentrações, não alteraram a liberação do L- [3H]glutamato por estas estruturas em condições basais ou estimuladas (despolarizadas) por potássio (20 mM e 40 mM). Já nos ensaios de união do L- [3H] glutamato a membranas plasmáticas, o ácido 3-hidroxiglutárico inibiu a união do neurotransmissor em meio de incubação sem sódio e cloreto (sítios receptores), quando em baixas concentrações (1 µM a 100 µM), enquanto não alterou esta união em altas concentrações (500 µM a 2 mM). Na presença de alto sódio (sítios transportadores), ambos os ácidos inibiram a união de L- [3H]glutamato em todas as concentrações testadas (10 µM a 1 mM). Outros experimentos demonstraram que o ácido 3-hidroxiglutárico não alterou a captação vesicular de L-[3H]glutamato. Avaliamos também a influência dos ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico sobre a captação de L-[3H]glutamato por astrócitos cultivados de córtex cerebral. Inicialmente verificamos a viabilidade destas células na presença dos ácidos pelo teste do MTT que reflete a atividade das desidrogenases mitocondriais e também pela liberação de lactato desidrogenase para o meio de incubação. Na concentração de 1 mM , os ácidos glutárico e 3- hidroxiglutárico não se mostraram citotóxicos para estas células. Por outro lado, quando incubados por 60 minutos, nas concentrações de 50 µM e 1mM, aumentaram significativamente a captação de L-[3H]glutamato pelos astrócitos

Chronic postnatal administration of methylmalonic acid provokes a decrease of myelin content and ganglioside N-acetylneuramic acid concentration in cerebrum of young rats

Levels of methylmalonic acid (MMA) comparable to those of human methylmalonic acidemia were achieved in blood (2-2.5 mmol/l) and brain (1.35 µmol/g) of rats by administering buffered MMA, pH 7.4, subcutaneously twice a day from the 5th to the 28th day of life. MMA doses ranged from 0.76 to 1.67 µmol/g as a function of animal age. Control rats were treated with saline in the same volumes. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation on the 28th day of age. Blood was taken and the brain was rapidly removed. Medulla, pons, the olfactory lobes and cerebellum were discarded and the rest of the brain "cerebrum" was isolated. Body and "cerebrum" weight were measured, as well as the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood and the content of myelin, total lipids, and the concentrations of the lipid fractions (cholesterol, glycerolipids, phospholipids and ganglioside N-acetylneuraminic acid (ganglioside-NANA) in the "cerebrum". Chronic MMA administration had no effect on body or "cerebrum" weight, suggesting that the metabolites per se neither affect the appetite of the rats nor cause malnutrition. In contrast, MMA caused a significant reduction of plasma triglycerides, but not of plasma cholesterol levels. A significant diminution of myelin content and of ganglioside- NANA concentration was also observed in the "cerebrum". We propose that the reduction of myelin content and ganglioside- NANA caused by MMA may be related to the delayed myelination/ cerebral atrophy and neurological dysfunction found in methylmalonic acidemic children

In-hospital mortality and severe outcomes after hospital discharge due to COVID-19: A prospective multicenter study from Brazil.

BackgroundWe evaluated in-hospital mortality and outcomes incidence after hospital discharge due to COVID-19 in a Brazilian multicenter cohort.MethodsThis prospective multicenter study (RECOVER-SUS, NCT04807699) included COVID-19 patients hospitalized in public tertiary hospitals in Brazil from June 2020 to March 2021. Clinical assessment and blood samples were performed at hospital admission, with post-hospital discharge remote visits. Hospitalized participants were followed-up until March 31, 2021. The outcomes were in-hospital mortality and incidence of rehospitalization or death after hospital discharge. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional-hazard models were performed.Findings1589 participants [54.5% male, age=62 (IQR 50-70) years; BMI=28.4 (IQR,24.9-32.9) Kg/m² and 51.9% with diabetes] were included. A total of 429 individuals [27.0% (95%CI,24.8-29.2)] died during hospitalization (median time 14 (IQR,9-24) days). Older age [vs<40 years; age=60-69 years-aHR=1.89 (95%CI,1.08-3.32); age=70-79 years-aHR=2.52 (95%CI,1.42-4.45); age≥80-aHR=2.90 (95%CI 1.54-5.47)]; noninvasive or mechanical ventilation at admission [vs facial-mask or none; aHR=1.69 (95%CI 1.30-2.19)]; SAPS-III score≥57 [vs<57; aHR=1.47 (95%CI 1.13-1.92)] and SOFA score≥10 [vs <10; aHR=1.51 (95%CI 1.08-2.10)] were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. A total of 65 individuals [6.7% (95%CI 5.3-8.4)] had a rehospitalization or death [rate=323 (95%CI 250-417) per 1000 person-years] in a median time of 52 (range 1-280) days post-hospital discharge. Age ≥ 60 years [vs <60, aHR=2.13 (95%CI 1.15-3.94)] and SAPS-III ≥57 at admission [vs <57, aHR=2.37 (95%CI 1.22-4.59)] were independently associated with rehospitalization or death after hospital discharge.InterpretationHigh in-hospital mortality rates due to COVID-19 were observed and elderly people remained at high risk of rehospitalization and death after hospital discharge.FundingFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Programa INOVA-FIOCRUZ

Table_2_Assessment of risk scores to predict mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit.docx

ObjectivesTo assess the ABC2-SPH score in predicting COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and to compare its performance with other scores (SOFA, SAPS-3, NEWS2, 4C Mortality Score, SOARS, CURB-65, modified CHA2DS2-VASc, and a novel severity score).Materials and methodsConsecutive patients (≥ 18 years) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs of 25 hospitals, located in 17 Brazilian cities, from October 2020 to March 2022, were included. Overall performance of the scores was evaluated using the Brier score. ABC2-SPH was used as the reference score, and comparisons between ABC2-SPH and the other scores were performed by using the Bonferroni method of correction. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsABC2-SPH had an area under the curve of 0.716 (95% CI 0.693–0.738), significantly higher than CURB-65, SOFA, NEWS2, SOARS, and modified CHA2DS2-VASc scores. There was no statistically significant difference between ABC2-SPH and SAPS-3, 4C Mortality Score, and the novel severity score.ConclusionABC2-SPH was superior to other risk scores, but it still did not demonstrate an excellent predictive ability for mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our results indicate the need to develop a new score, for this subset of patients.</p

Table_3_Assessment of risk scores to predict mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit.docx

ObjectivesTo assess the ABC2-SPH score in predicting COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and to compare its performance with other scores (SOFA, SAPS-3, NEWS2, 4C Mortality Score, SOARS, CURB-65, modified CHA2DS2-VASc, and a novel severity score).Materials and methodsConsecutive patients (≥ 18 years) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs of 25 hospitals, located in 17 Brazilian cities, from October 2020 to March 2022, were included. Overall performance of the scores was evaluated using the Brier score. ABC2-SPH was used as the reference score, and comparisons between ABC2-SPH and the other scores were performed by using the Bonferroni method of correction. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsABC2-SPH had an area under the curve of 0.716 (95% CI 0.693–0.738), significantly higher than CURB-65, SOFA, NEWS2, SOARS, and modified CHA2DS2-VASc scores. There was no statistically significant difference between ABC2-SPH and SAPS-3, 4C Mortality Score, and the novel severity score.ConclusionABC2-SPH was superior to other risk scores, but it still did not demonstrate an excellent predictive ability for mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our results indicate the need to develop a new score, for this subset of patients.</p