237 research outputs found

    Projekt ENTRA : Eintritt ins Pflegeheim - das Erleben der Entscheidung zum Heimeintritt aus der Perspektive der Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen und Pflegeheimbewohner

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    Mit dem höheren Lebensalter sind Ă€ltere Personen zunehmend auf Versorgungsangebote wie das Pflegeheim angewiesen. In der Literatur wird der Einritt in ein Pflegeheim als eines der herausforderndsten Lebensereignisse bezeichnet. Ein Heimeintritt geht fĂŒr die betroffenen Personen mit entscheidenden VerĂ€nderungen einher, die sich nicht nur auf die Menschen selber, sondern auch auf ihr gesamtes Umfeld auswirken können. HĂ€ufig sind Ă€ltere Personen auf diesen einschneidenden Prozess nicht vorbereitet. Pflegende sind erste Ansprechpersonen, wenn es darum geht, diesen Übergangsprozess professionell zu begleiten und zu unterstĂŒtzen. Allerdings fehlen ihnen bislang Erkenntnisse darĂŒber, wie sich ein Heimeintritt und der damit verbundene VerĂ€nderungsprozess aus der Sicht Betroffener gestalten. FĂŒr Pflegende ist es schwierig, gezielte Interventionen zu planen und durchzufĂŒhren. Es ist daher bedeutsam, den Prozess des Entscheids fĂŒr den Heimeintritt fĂŒr Personen in der Schweiz genauer zu untersuchen, damit empirisch gestĂŒtzte Empfehlungen fĂŒr die Pflegepraxis abgeleitet werden können

    Individual Differences in Behaviour and Cognition of Eurasian Harvest Mice

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    Behavioural traits were assumed to be the most flexible traits in animals (Briffa et al. 2008). However, there is now diverse evidence for constant between-individual behavioural differences in many species, i.e. animal personality (RĂ©ale et al. 2007), resulting in less flexible individual behaviour (Evans et al. 2010). Knowledge on animal personality has provided new insights into evolutionary biology and animal ecology, as behavioural types - individuals with a specific combination of two or more behavioural trait levels (Bell 2007) - have been shown to affect fitness (e.g., Dingemanse et al. 2004). Further, those constant behavioural traits (personality traits) form behavioural syndromes, which are characterised by correlations between different behaviours (Sih et al. 2004a). Mechanisms maintaining these correlations could be constrained due to underlying relationships with cognitive traits. There is growing evidence for the non-independence of animal personality and general cognitive abilities, but so far, studies on the direction of the relationship between them revealed contradictory results. Still, it is hypothesised that individuals may exhibit consistent learning and decision styles (Sih and Del Giudice 2012). Within a cognitive syndrome fast behavioural types - consistently bolder and more active individuals - are expected to show also faster learning styles. Slow behavioural types in contrast are assumed to learn slower but more accurately (Sih and Del Giudice 2012). This can be caused by a speed-accuracy trade-off that individuals face during decision making (Chittka et al. 2009). Although, behavioural syndromes were assumed to be stable across time and space, there is growing evidence that these correlations between behaviours appear more flexible (Fischer et al. 2016). Phenotypic correlations can vary between populations of the same species originated from different environments, for instance, laboratory and field populations. In this thesis, I aim to provide evidence for animal personality in Eurasian harvest mice (Micromys minutus). Further, I investigate whether behavioural traits form a behavioural syndrome and how spatial cognitive traits are related to personality traits (cognitive syndrome). Harvest mice have not been in the focus of animal personality research yet. However, this small rodent species is likely to be highly suitable for animal personality and especially spatial cognitive syndrome studies for the following reasons: (I) harvest mice are easy to keep and breed in the laboratory, (II) behavioural and cognitive tests can easily be established based on tasks done with laboratory mice and rats, (III) harvest mice are assumed to be selected for pronounced spatial cognitive traits due to their adaptation to three-dimensional habitat structures (Piechocki 2001), and (IV) harvest mice are a widespread species in the Palaearctic but locally endangered (Darinot 2016), so that more knowledge about their behavioural ecology might provide helpful insights for their conservation. We tested the assumptions for animal personality and found that exploration, activity and boldness were repeatable in juvenile and adult harvest mice. Spatial recognition was repeatable in adults, as well as spatial learning ability and decision speed. We found no repeatability of decision accuracy. Exploration, activity and boldness were consistent before and after maturation, as well as before and after first sexual contact. Data on spatial recognition provided little evidence for consistency. Harvest mice showed a behavioural syndrome as we observed strong positive correlations between personality traits. The speed-accuracy trade-off was not apparent. Nevertheless, we found weak evidence for a cognitive syndrome as fast behavioural types learned faster than slow types, and shyer harvest mice made decisions quicker than bolder mice. All those experiments were dome in a laboratory population of harvest mice. We compared these results with personality traits and behavioural correlations in harvest mice with a natural genetic background, kept in a semi-natural outdoor enclosure. Exploration, activity and boldness were also repeatable in the field population. However, spatial recognition was not repeatable. Harvest mice of the field population showed also a behavioural syndrome as we observed positive between-individual correlations among personality traits. With these results, we provide evidence for animal personality in Eurasian harvest mice. In sum, we conclude that harvest mice express repeatable behavioural traits in the laboratory and the field population. Exploration, activity and boldness were also consistent between life-history stages. Although we observed significant differences in the magnitude of phenotypic correlations between the laboratory and the field population, both datasets suggested the same directions of correlations within the syndrome. Hence, we conclude that Eurasian harvest mice in general exhibit a behavioural syndrome along a fast-slow continuum, and that proximate factors are more likely to shape this behavioural syndrome than selection processes. Spatial recognition showed low repeatability and was less consistent across life history stages. We found repeatability of spatial learning ability and decision speed, but not of decision accuracy. Given the rising interest in individual variation in cognitive performance, and in its relationship to animal personality, we suggest that it is important to gather more data on the repeatability and consistency of cognitive traits. The observed relationships between spatial cognitive and personality traits partly support the hypotheses of a cognitive syndrome in harvest mice and will hopefully stimulate more studies on the relationship between (spatial) cognition and personality in animals.Lange Zeit wurde angenommen, dass Verhaltensmuster die flexibelsten Merkmale von Tieren sind (Briffa et al. 2008). Mittlerweile gibt es allerdings viele Beweise fĂŒr konstante Verhaltensunterschiede zwischen Individuen einer Population, welche als Tierpersönlichkeit definiert wurde (animal personality, RĂ©ale et al. 2007). Aus diesen konstanten Verhaltensmustern resultiert, dass Tiere in unterschiedlichen Situationen weniger flexibles Verhalten zeigen (Evans et al. 2010). Das Wissen ĂŒber Tierpersönlichkeiten ermöglichte neue Einblicke in Bereiche der Evolutionsbiologie und Tierökologie, da unterschiedliche Verhaltenstypen - Individuen mit einer bestimmten Kombination aus mehreren spezifischen Verhaltensweisen, behavioural types (Bell 2007) - einen Einfluss auf deren Fitness haben können (z.B. Dingemanse et al. 2004). Konstante Verhaltensweisen (Persönlichkeitsmerkmale) können außerdem sogenannte Verhaltens-syndrome (behavioural syndromes) bilden, welche durch Korrelationen zwischen den verschiedenen Verhaltensweisen charakterisiert sind (Sih et al. 2004a). Solche Korrelationen können durch Mechanismen organisiert sein, welche die Beziehungen zwischen Verhaltensweisen und kognitiven FĂ€higkeiten erzwingen. Es gibt immer mehr Hinweise fĂŒr einen abhĂ€ngigen Zusammenhang zwischen Tierpersönlichkeit und kognitiven FĂ€higkeiten, jedoch zeigen Studien bis jetzt entgegengesetzte Ergebnisse. UnabhĂ€ngig davon gibt es Hypothesen, die individuell konstante Lern- und Entscheidungsstile vorhersagen (Sih and Del Giudice 2012). Innerhalb eines solchen kognitiven Syndroms (cognitive syndrome) wird erwartet, dass schnelle Verhaltenstypen - konstant mutigere und aktivere Tiere - auch schnellere Lernstile haben. FĂŒr langsame Verhaltenstypen hingegen wird ein langsameres, jedoch genaueres Lernverhalten erwartet (Sih and Del Giudice 2012). Dies beruht auf der Annahme, dass Individuen wĂ€hrend der Entscheidungsfindung einen Kompromiss zwischen der Geschwindigkeit und der Genauigkeit eingehen mĂŒssen (speed-accuracy trade-off, Chittka et al. 2009). Auf Grund der durch kognitive, physiologische oder genetische Faktoren erzwungenen ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen Verhaltens-weisen wurde angenommen, dass Verhaltenssyndrome konstant sind. Es gibt allerdings mehr und mehr Hinweise, dass diese Korrelationen anpassungsfĂ€hig und flexibel sind (Fischer et al. 2016). Verhaltenssyndrome können zwischen verschiedenen Populationen der gleichen Art variieren, wenn die Populationen aus unterschiedlichen Umwelten kommen, wie zum Beispiel aus Labor- und Wildpopulationen. Mit der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit beabsichtige ich, die Existenz von Tierpersönlichkeiten in der Eurasischen Zwergmaus (Micromys minutus) zu belegen. Außerdem ist mein Ziel, Zusammen-hĂ€nge zwischen konstanten Verhaltensweisen (Verhaltenssyndrom) sowie zwischen Verhalten und rĂ€umlich-kognitiven Merkmalen zu finden (kognitives Syndrom). Es gibt bislang keine Studien zur Tierpersönlichkeit bei ZwergmĂ€usen. Jedoch eignet sich diese kleine Nagetierart auf Grund folgender Eigenschaften sehr gut fĂŒr Tierpersönlichkeitsstudien. Dies gilt vor allem in Bezug auf rĂ€umlich-kognitive Syndrome. (I) ZwergmĂ€use sind einfach im Labor zu halten und zu zĂŒchten, (II) Verhaltenstests und Tests zu kognitiven FĂ€higkeiten sind leicht auf der Basis von schon bekannten Versuchsaufbauten bei LabormĂ€usen und -ratten zu etablieren, (III) ZwergmĂ€use haben vermutlich sehr gut entwickelte rĂ€umlich-kognitive FĂ€higkeiten auf Grund der Anpassung an ein Leben in drei-dimensionalen LebensrĂ€umen (Piechocki 2001) und (IV) ZwergmĂ€use sind zwar eine relativ weit verbreitete Art, jedoch lokal teils gefĂ€hrdet (Darinot 2016), sodass mehr Wissen ĂŒber ihre Verhaltensökologie neue Erkenntnisse zum verbesserten Schutz dieser Art bringen könnte. Es wurden zunĂ€chst die Wiederholbarkeit (repeatability) und die Konstanz (consistency) von Verhaltensweisen und rĂ€umlich-kognitiven Merkmalen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Exploration, AktivitĂ€t und Mut sowohl in Jungtieren als auch in adulten ZwergmĂ€usen wiederholbar war. RĂ€umliches Erkennen war hingegen nur in erwachsenen ZwergmĂ€usen wiederholbar, außerdem auch die rĂ€umliche LernfĂ€higkeit und die Entscheidungsgeschwindigkeit. Die Genauigkeit der Entscheidungen war nicht wiederholbar. Exploration, AktivitĂ€t und Mut waren konstant vor und nach der Geschlechtsreife, sowie vor und nach dem ersten Sexualkontakt. Die Konstanz des rĂ€umlichen Erkennens war weniger ausgeprĂ€gt. ZwergmĂ€use zeigten ein Verhaltenssyndrom, da die Verhaltensweisen positiv miteinander korrelierten. Es bestand kein Konflikt zwischen der Entscheidungsgeschwindigkeit und der Genauigkeit (speed-accuracy trade-off). Allerdings gab es einige Hinweise fĂŒr ein kognitives Syndrom, da schnelle Verhaltenstypen auch schneller lernten als langsamere Verhaltenstypen. Außerdem machten schĂŒchtere ZwergmĂ€use schnellere Entscheidungen als mutige. All diese Untersuchungen wurden mit ZwergmĂ€usen aus einer Labor-Population durchgefĂŒhrt. FĂŒr ZwergmĂ€use aus einer Gehege-Population mit einem natĂŒrlichen genetischen Hintergrund zeigte sich, dass Exploration, AktivitĂ€t und Mut auch hier wiederholbar war. RĂ€umliches Erkennen war jedoch nicht wiederholbar. Ein Verhaltenssyndrom mit positiven Korrelationen zwischen den Verhaltensweisen war auch in der Gehege-Population zu finden. Mit dieser Doktorarbeit konnte zum ersten Mal nachgewiesen werden, dass es auch bei Eurasischen ZwergmĂ€usen Tierpersönlichkeit gibt. Zusammengefasst lĂ€sst sich aus den Ergebnissen schließen, dass ZwergmĂ€use wiederholbares Verhalten in Labor- und Gehege-Populationen zeigen. Exploration, AktivitĂ€t und Mut waren zudem in der Labor-Population ĂŒber mehrere Lebensabschnitte hinweg konstant. Obwohl Unterschiede in der StĂ€rke der Korrelationen der Verhaltensweisen zwischen der Labor- und der Gehege-Population gefunden wurden, zeigten beide Verhaltenssyndrome gleiche Richtungen an. Daher lĂ€sst sich sagen, dass ZwergmĂ€use generell ein Verhaltenssyndrom entlang eines schnell-langsam-Gradienten aufzeigen. Dieses wird vermutlich eher durch proximate Faktoren als durch Selektionsprozesse gesteuert. RĂ€umliches Erkennen hatte eine geringe Wiederholbarkeit und war weniger konstant ĂŒber Lebensabschnitte hinweg. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die rĂ€umliche LernfĂ€higkeit und die Entscheidungsgeschwindigkeit wiederholbar waren, jedoch nicht die Entscheidungs-genauigkeit. Auf Grund des steigenden Forschungsinteresses an individueller Variation in kognitiven FĂ€higkeiten und an dem Zusammenhang mit Tierpersönlichkeit sollten mehr Daten ĂŒber die Wiederholbarkeit und Konstanz von kognitiven Merkmalen gesammelt werden. Die gezeigten Korrelationen inzwischen Verhaltensweisen und rĂ€umlich-kognitiven Merkmalen zeigen zumindest teilweise, dass es ein kognitives Syndrom bei ZwergmĂ€usen geben könnte. Daher werden diese Ergebnisse hoffentlich zu weiteren Studien ĂŒber die Beziehung von (rĂ€umlich-) kognitiven Merkmalen und Tierpersönlichkeit anregen

    Eintritt ins Pflegeheim : das Erleben der Entscheidung aus der Perspektive der Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen und Pflegeheimbewohner

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    Der Eintritt ins Pflegeheim wird als eines der herausforderndsten Lebensereignisse bezeichnet. Pflegende sind erste Ansprechpersonen wenn es darum geht, diesen Prozess zu begleiten. Allerdings fehlen ihnen bislang Erkenntnisse darĂŒber, wie sich ein Heimeintritt und der damit verbundene VerĂ€nderungsprozess aus der Sicht Betroffener gestaltet. Dies erschwert die Planung gezielter Interventionen und UnterstĂŒtzungsangebote. Ziel der qualitativ-deskriptiven Studie war es daher den Entscheidungsprozess zum Heimeintritt aus der Sicht von Betroffenen darzustellen. Hierzu erfolgte eine SekundĂ€ranalyse 62 qualitativer Einzelinterviews mit Ă€lteren Personen nach Heimeintritt. Die Daten wurden mittels Inhaltsanalyse analysiert. Es kristallisierten sich drei aufeinanderfolgende Phasen des Heimeintritt heraus: die oft mehrjĂ€hrige Planung, die Entscheidungsphase (von der ersten Anmeldung bis zur endgĂŒltigen Entscheidung) und die Transition. Mitbestimmung und EntscheidungsfreirĂ€ume scheinen in allen Phasen wichtig zu sein, sowohl vor als auch wĂ€hrend und nach dem tatsĂ€chlichen Heimeintritt. Auch umfasst die Transition mitunter Jahre und belastet Betroffene. Pflegerische Interventionen könnten dazu beitragen, dass das Lebensereignis Heimeintritt positiv oder weniger einschneidend erlebt wird. Admission to a nursing home is considered to be one of the most challenging life events for older people. Since nurses are primary contact persons, they could provide support in the relocation process. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of nursing home entry on the persons concerned. Additionally, the development of targeted interventions and support programs is complex. The aim of this qualitative descriptive study is to explore older people's experiences related to the decision-making process around nursing home placement. We analysed 62 qualitative interviews using content analysis with older people living in nursing homes. The following three successive phases were identified: planning, decision making (from application to final decision) and transition. Participation and freedom of choice appeared to be important in all phases, as well as before, during and after admission to a nursing home. The transition phase can sometimes last for years and can be distressing for older people. Nursing interventions could contribute to a more positive and less restrictive experience when supporting the elderly with nursing home entry

    Germania and alumina dopant diffusion and viscous flow effects at preparation of doped optical fibers

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    We report on germania and alumina dopant profile shift effects at preparation of compact optical fibers using packaging methods (Stack-and-Draw method, Rod-in-Tube (RiT) technique). The sintering of package hollow volume by viscous flow results in a shift of the core-pitch ratio in all-solid microstructured fibers. The ratio is increased by about 5% in the case of a hexagonal package. The shift by diffusion effects of both dopants is simulated for typical slow speed drawing parameters. Thermodynamic approximations of surface dissociation of germania doped silica suggest the need of an adequate undoped silica barrier layer to prevent an undesired bubble formation at fiber drawing. In contrast, alumina doping does not estimate critical dissociation effects with vaporous aluminium oxide components. We report guide values of diffusion length of germania and alumina for the drawing process by kinetic approximation. The germania diffusion involves a small core enlargement, typically in the sub-micrometer scale. Though, the alumina diffusion enlarges it by a few micrometers. A drawn pure alumina preform core rod transforms to an amorphous aluminosilicate core with a molar alumina concentration of only about 50% and a non-gaussian concentration profile

    Nuevos registros del género Geastrum (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) para Colombia

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    Geastrum minimum and G. pectinatum are recorded for the first time in Colombia. The basidiomes were collected on a lower mountain humid rainforest (bh-MB) of the eastern hills of Bogota city, Department of Cundinamarca. The species are described, illustrated, and information on distribution, ecology and habitat are provided.Se registra por primera vez a Geastrum minimum y G. pectinatum para Colombia. Los basidiomas fueron colectados en un bosque hĂșmedo montano bajo (bh-MB) de los Cerros Orientales de BogotĂĄ, Departamento de Cundinamarca. Las especies son descritas e ilustradas y se aporta informaciĂłn sobre su distribuciĂłn, ecologĂ­a y hĂĄbitat

    Who Ate Whom? Adaptive Helicobacter Genomic Changes That Accompanied a Host Jump from Early Humans to Large Felines

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    Helicobacter pylori infection of humans is so old that its population genetic structure reflects that of ancient human migrations. A closely related species, Helicobacter acinonychis, is specific for large felines, including cheetahs, lions, and tigers, whereas hosts more closely related to humans harbor more distantly related Helicobacter species. This observation suggests a jump between host species. But who ate whom and when did it happen? In order to resolve this question, we determined the genomic sequence of H. acinonychis strain Sheeba and compared it to genomes from H. pylori. The conserved core genes between the genomes are so similar that the host jump probably occurred within the last 200,000 (range 50,000–400,000) years. However, the Sheeba genome also possesses unique features that indicate the direction of the host jump, namely from early humans to cats. Sheeba possesses an unusually large number of highly fragmented genes, many encoding outer membrane proteins, which may have been destroyed in order to bypass deleterious responses from the feline host immune system. In addition, the few Sheeba-specific genes that were found include a cluster of genes encoding sialylation of the bacterial cell surface carbohydrates, which were imported by horizontal genetic exchange and might also help to evade host immune defenses. These results provide a genomic basis for elucidating molecular events that allow bacteria to adapt to novel animal hosts

    Hsa-miR-375 is a predictor of local control in early stage breast cancer

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    Background: A long-term analysis by the Early Breast Cancer Trialist Group (EBCTG) revealed a strong correlation between local control and cancer-specific mortality. MicroRNAs (miRs), short (20-25 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, have been described as prognosticators and predictors for breast cancer in recent years. The aim of the current study was to identify miRs that can predict local control after breast conserving therapy (BCT) in early stage breast cancer. Results: Clinical data of 46 early stage breast cancer patients with local relapse after BCT were selected from the institutional database. These patients were matched to 101 control patients showing identical clinical features but without local relapse. The study was conducted in two steps. (1) In the pilot study, 32 patients (16 relapses versus 16 controls) were screened for the most de-regulated microRNAs (= candidate microRNAs) in a panel of 1250 miRs by microarray technology. Eight miRs were found to be significantly de-regulated. (2) In the validation study, the candidate microRNAs were analyzed in an independent cohort of 115 patients (30 relapses versus 85 controls) with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). From these eight candidates, hsa-miR-375 could be validated. Its median fold change was 2.28 (Mann-Whitney U test, corrected p value = 0.008). In the log-rank analysis, high expression levels of hsa-miR-375 correlated with a significantly higher risk of local relapse (p = 0.003). In a multivariate analysis (forward stepwise regression) including established predictors and prognosticators, hsa-miR-375 was the only variable that was able to distinguish the statistical significance between relapse and control groups (raw p value = 0.000195 HR = 0.76, 95 % CI 0.66-0.88;corrected p value = 0.005). Conclusions: Hsa-miR-375 predicts local control in patient with early stage breast cancer, especially in estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha)-positive patients. It can therefore serve as an additional molecular marker for treatment choice independently from known predictors and prognosticators. Validation in larger prospective studies is warranted

    Participación, régimen político y movimientos sociales : ¿Hacia una ciudadanía mås inclusiva?

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    ConversaciĂłn entre Claudia Danani, Marcelo GĂłmez, Gabriel Kessler y Federico Schuster, coordinada por Federico Lorenc Valcarce y Susana Villavicencio.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la EducaciĂł

    Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: diagnostic reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore

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    Background: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare though often fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome mimicking sepsis in the critically ill. Diagnosis relies on the HLH-2004 criteria and HScore, both of which have been developed in pediatric or adult non-critically ill patients, respectively. Therefore, we aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore in a cohort of adult critically ill patients. Methods: In this further analysis of a retrospective observational study, patients ≄ 18 years admitted to at least one adult ICU at CharitĂ© - UniversitĂ€tsmedizin Berlin between January 2006 and August 2018 with hyperferritinemia of ≄ 500 ÎŒg/L were included. Patients' charts were reviewed for clinically diagnosed or suspected HLH. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to determine prediction accuracy. Results: In total, 2623 patients with hyperferritinemia were included, of whom 40 patients had HLH. We found the best prediction accuracy of HLH diagnosis for a cutoff of 4 fulfilled HLH-2004 criteria (95.0% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity) and HScore cutoff of 168 (100% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity). By adjusting HLH-2004 criteria cutoffs of both hyperferritinemia to 3000 ÎŒg/L and fever to 38.2 °C, sensitivity and specificity increased to 97.5% and 96.1%, respectively. Both a higher number of fulfilled HLH-2004 criteria [OR 1.513 (95% CI 1.372-1.667); p < 0.001] and a higher HScore [OR 1.011 (95% CI 1.009-1.013); p < 0.001] were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: An HScore cutoff of 168 revealed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94.1%, thereby providing slightly superior diagnostic accuracy compared to HLH-2004 criteria. Both HLH-2004 criteria and HScore proved to be of good diagnostic accuracy and consequently might be used for HLH diagnosis in critically ill patients. Clinical trial registration: The study was registered with www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02854943) on August 1, 2016

    The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With the completion of the human genome sequence the functional analysis and characterization of the encoded proteins has become the next urging challenge in the post-genome era. The lack of comprehensive ORFeome resources has thus far hampered systematic applications by protein gain-of-function analysis. Gene and ORF coverage with full-length ORF clones thus needs to be extended. In combination with a unique and versatile cloning system, these will provide the tools for genome-wide systematic functional analyses, to achieve a deeper insight into complex biological processes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we describe the generation of a full-ORF clone resource of human genes applying the Gateway cloning technology (Invitrogen). A pipeline for efficient cloning and sequencing was developed and a sample tracking database was implemented to streamline the clone production process targeting more than 2,200 different ORFs. In addition, a robust cloning strategy was established, permitting the simultaneous generation of two clone variants that contain a particular ORF with as well as without a stop codon by the implementation of only one additional working step into the cloning procedure. Up to 92 % of the targeted ORFs were successfully amplified by PCR and more than 93 % of the amplicons successfully cloned.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The German cDNA Consortium ORFeome resource currently consists of more than 3,800 sequence-verified entry clones representing ORFs, cloned with and without stop codon, for about 1,700 different gene loci. 177 splice variants were cloned representing 121 of these genes. The entry clones have been used to generate over 5,000 different expression constructs, providing the basis for functional profiling applications. As a member of the recently formed international ORFeome collaboration we substantially contribute to generating and providing a whole genome human ORFeome collection in a unique cloning system that is made freely available in the community.</p
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