Schwierigkeiten beim Erwerb mathematischer Konzepte im Anfangsunterricht : Bericht zum Forschungsprojekt „Rechenschwäche - Erkennen, Beheben, Vorbeugen“

Ziel des Forschungsprojektes „Rechenschwäche – Erkennen, Beheben, Vorbeugen“ war herauszufinden, worin genau die Schwierigkeiten so genannter rechenschwacher Kinder beim Erlernen des Rechnens bestehen und wie diese Schwierigkeiten möglichst frühzeitig erkannt und behoben werden können, damit die Kinder wieder Anschluss an den regulären Unterricht finden. Dazu wurden die Denkwege von Kindern mit Lernschwierigkeiten in Mathematik beim Lösen von Aufgaben in diagnostischen Interviews erfasst. Die Beobachtungen wurden gemäß der neueren konstruktivistischen Lern- und Entwicklungspsychologie der mathematischen Kognitionen analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage konnten kritische Entwicklungsschritte bei der Bildung mathematischer Konzepte identifiziert werden. Dies ermöglicht, Lernprobleme von Kindern gezielt zu erfassen und Vorschläge zur Prävention und zur Behebung von Lernschwierigkeiten zu entwickeln. Als wichtigste Hindernisse beim Erlernen des Rechnens wurden festgestellt: - einseitiges Zahlverständnis (Zahlen nur als Positionen oder Anfangsstücke in der Reihe der Zählwörter und damit auch fehlendes Verständnis des Zehnersystems), - einseitiges Operationsverständnis (Rechnen als Schritte auf der Zahlwörterreihe und damit zäh-lendes Rechnen) und als Folge davon - fehlende Automatisierung der Basisfakten. Als Konsequenz für den regulären Unterricht und für Fördermaßnahmen bei Lernschwierigkeiten in Mathematik ergab sich: - Die wichtigste Leistung des Kindes im mathematischen Anfangsunterricht ist das Verständnis von Zahlen als Zusammensetzung aus anderen Zahlen (Teile-Ganzes-Konzept). Dieses Zahlverständnis kann erarbeitet werden mit Hilfe der Darstellung von Zahlen als geeignet gegliederte Quantitäten. - Für das Erlernen effizienter, nicht zählender Rechenstrategien sind das Rechnen mit 5er- und 10er-Portionen sowie das Verdoppeln und Halbieren von besonderer Bedeutung. - Die Automatisierung der Basisfakten soll sich ergeben aus einsichtigem Herstellen von Beziehungen zwischen Zahlensätzen, die anhand visueller Vorstellungen bei geeignet gegliederten Quantitäten entwickelt werden, also nicht durch mechanisches Auswendiglernen. Die Zuordnung obiger Inhalte zu einzelnen Kapiteln ergibt sich aus den Kapitelüberschriften: 1. Das Projekt „Rechenschwäche Erkennung, Behebung, Vorbeugung“ (S. 1–26) 2. Was heißt Mathematik verstehen? (S. 27–42) 3. Wege der Entwicklung des mathematischen Verständnisses (S. 43–99) 4. Beobachtungen an den uns vorgestellten Kindern und ihre Interpretation (S. 100–203) 5. Qualitative Erfassung von Lernschwierigkeiten in Mathematik (S. 204–295) 6. Zwei Fallberichte (S. 296–326) 7. Zahlverständnis im Unterricht (S. 327–350) 8. Addition und Subtraktion (S. 351–386) 9. Multiplikation und Division (S. 396–409) Literaturverzeichnis (S. 410–419)Aim of the research project was to find out what precisely children’s difficulties in learning mathematics are, and how these could be recognized and prevented or remedied as early as pos-sible so that children are able to keep up with their learning group. To this end children with learning problems in mathematics were interviewed about their ways of thinking when solving mathematical tasks. The records were analyzed on the basis of more recent constructivistic views of learning and developmental psychology concerning mathemati-cal cognition. Crucial steps in the formation of mathematical concepts were identified. The recognition of these steps forms a basis for the purposeful assessment of children’s learning problems and for the development of preventive and remedial teaching. The most important hindrances for mathematical learning turned out to be: • a limited understanding of numbers (numbers were understood as positions or as initial parts of the number-word-sequence) and a lacking comprehension of the decimal system; • a limited understanding of operations (calculating was understood as steps on the number sequence) and in consequence thereof • a lacking mastery of basic facts. Consequences for regular teaching and for remedial support in the case of learning difficulties in mathematics are: • Understanding numbers as a composition of other numbers (part-whole-concept) is the most important achievement of the child in the primary classes. This understanding can be attained with the help of presentations of numbers made of appropriately structured quantities. • Calculating with portions of 5 or 10 as well as doubling or halving is of specific significance for the learning of efficient (not merely counting) strategies. • The mastery of the basic facts should result from insight into relations between different ar-ithmetical problems which can be developed with the help of visual representations of appropri-ately structured quantities, i.e. not by rote learning. Assignment of the above contents to the individual chapters is indicated in their headings: 1. The project “Mathematical deficiency in primary classes – identification, remedial teaching, prevention” (p. 1–26) 2. What does mathematical understanding mean? (p. 27–42) 3. Ways of developing mathematical comprehension (p. 43–99) 4. Observations in the learning of children and their interpretation (p. 100–203) 5. Qualitative assessment of learning difficulties in mathematics (p. 204–295) 6. Two case reports (p. 296–326) 7. Teaching the understanding of numbers (p. 327–350) 8. Addition and subtraction (p. 351–386) 9. Multiplication and division (p. 396–409) Index of literature (p. 410–419

Checklist of the spiders of North-West-Germany

The checklist contains records of spiders from the federal countries Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and the northern plain of Lower Saxony which are compiled from published data, unpublished papers and personal communications. Among the total of 601 species Gnaphosa leporina, Marpissa nivoyi, Dictyna major, Baryphymamaritimum, Pelecopsisnemoraloides, Ozyptila westringi, Silometopus ambiguus and Micaria romana are species which occurin Germany mostlyin the north-western region. The species records in the checklist can be related to their informational sources and they can be localised in the TK25-grid, which represents sheets of the 1:25.000 topographical map

Reception Test of Petals for the End Cap TEC+ of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

The silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment has been completed and was inserted into the CMS detector in late 2007. The largest sub system of the tracker are its end caps, comprising two large end caps (TEC) each containing 3200 silicon strip modules. To ease construction, the end caps feature a modular design: groups of about 20 silicon modules are placed on sub-assemblies called petals and these self-contained elements are then mounted onto the TEC support structures. Each end cap consists of 144 such petals, which were built and fully qualified by several institutes across Europe. Fro

Integration of the End Cap TEC+ of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

The silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment has been completed and inserted into the CMS detector in late 2007. The largest sub-system of the tracker is its end cap system, comprising two large end caps (TEC) each containing 3200 silicon strip modules. To ease construction, the end caps feature a modular design: groups of about 20 silicon modules are placed on sub-assemblies called petals and these self-contained elements are then mounted into the TEC support structures. Each end cap consists of 144 petals, and the insertion of these petals into the end cap structure is referred to as TEC integration. The two end caps were integrated independently in Aachen (TEC+) and at CERN (TEC--). This note deals with the integration of TEC+, describing procedures for end cap integration and for quality control during testing of integrated sections of the end cap and presenting results from the testing

Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common type of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis. Obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, has been shown to improve the histological features of NASH. Here we report results from a planned interim analysis of an ongoing, phase 3 study of obeticholic acid for NASH. Methods In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adult patients with definite NASH,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score of at least 4, and fibrosis stages F2–F3, or F1 with at least oneaccompanying comorbidity, were randomly assigned using an interactive web response system in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive oral placebo, obeticholic acid 10 mg, or obeticholic acid 25 mg daily. Patients were excluded if cirrhosis, other chronic liver disease, elevated alcohol consumption, or confounding conditions were present. The primary endpointsfor the month-18 interim analysis were fibrosis improvement (≥1 stage) with no worsening of NASH, or NASH resolution with no worsening of fibrosis, with the study considered successful if either primary endpoint was met. Primary analyses were done by intention to treat, in patients with fibrosis stage F2–F3 who received at least one dose of treatment and reached, or would have reached, the month 18 visit by the prespecified interim analysis cutoff date. The study also evaluated other histological and biochemical markers of NASH and fibrosis, and safety. This study is ongoing, and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02548351, and EudraCT, 20150-025601-6. Findings Between Dec 9, 2015, and Oct 26, 2018, 1968 patients with stage F1–F3 fibrosis were enrolled and received at least one dose of study treatment; 931 patients with stage F2–F3 fibrosis were included in the primary analysis (311 in the placebo group, 312 in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 308 in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). The fibrosis improvement endpoint was achieved by 37 (12%) patients in the placebo group, 55 (18%) in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group (p=0·045), and 71 (23%) in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group (p=0·0002). The NASH resolution endpoint was not met (25 [8%] patients in the placebo group, 35 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group [p=0·18], and 36 [12%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group [p=0·13]). In the safety population (1968 patients with fibrosis stages F1–F3), the most common adverse event was pruritus (123 [19%] in the placebo group, 183 [28%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 336 [51%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group); incidence was generally mild to moderate in severity. The overall safety profile was similar to that in previous studies, and incidence of serious adverse events was similar across treatment groups (75 [11%] patients in the placebo group, 72 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 93 [14%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). Interpretation Obeticholic acid 25 mg significantly improved fibrosis and key components of NASH disease activity among patients with NASH. The results from this planned interim analysis show clinically significant histological improvement that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. This study is ongoing to assess clinical outcomes

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Verzeichnis der Spinnen (Araneae) des nordwestdeutschen Tieflandes und Schleswig-Holsteins

The checklist contains records of spiders from the federal contries Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and the northern plain of Lower Saxony which are compiled from published data, unpublished papers and personal communications. Among the total of 601 species Gnaphosa leporina, Marpissa nivoyi, Dictyna major, Baryphyma maritium, Pelecopsis nemoraloides, Ozyptila westringi, Silometopus ambiguus and Micaria romana are species which occur in Germany mostly in the north-western region. The species records in the checklist can be related to their informational sources and they can be localised in the TK25-grid, which represents sheets of the 1:25.000 topographical map