Does it take Three to Make Two Happy? An Experimental Study on Bargaining with Mediation

Mediation is a conflict resolution method in which a third neutral party provides assistance to the conflict parties.The process of mediation as well as any solution to the conflict arising from it is implemented only by the consent of all conflict parties.It is the role of a mediator to stimulate communication that leads to mutual understanding of the feasible conflict outcomes, i.e. to complete information on solution consequences among the parties of the conflict. This information is used by the parties of the conflict to evaluate their own as well as the others consequences of a proposed solution to the conflict.However, it is not clear whether the information itself, or the way it was obtained (by voluntary participation in a process in which it was collected) leads to a con ict resolution.This paper concentrates on the bargaining behavior in a conflict, abstracting from the mediators methods and techniques.We design an experiment where two-person conflicts are resolved in an unstructured bargaining and study whether the way of obtaining information on the relative payoffs influences the conflict resolution process.We also study the demand for such information by individuals with various types of social preferences.This allows us to address the role of self-selection in the mediation process.information in unstructured bargaining;conflict resolution;mediation;experiment

A New Interpretivist Metasemantics for Fundamental Legal Disagreements

What does it take for lawyers and others to think or talk about the same legal topic—e.g., defamation, culpability? We argue that people are able to think or talk about the same topic not when they possess a matching substantive understanding of the topic, as traditional metasemantics says, but instead when their thoughts or utterances are related to each other in certain ways. And what determines the content of thoughts and utterances is what would best serve the core purposes of the representational practice within which the thought or utterance is located. In thus favoring a “relational model” in metasemantics, we share Ronald Dworkin's goal of explaining fundamental legal disagreements, and also his reliance on constructive interpretation. But what we delineate is a far more general and explanatorily resourceful metasemantics than what Dworkin articulated, which also bypasses some controversial implications for the nature of law that Dworkin alleged

Microanalytical identification of barium sulphate crystals in statoliths of Chara Rhizoids

In contrast to higher plants, Chara rhizoids contain statolith vacuoles filled with biocrystallites of BaS04 in the form of rods composed of globular subunits ca. 7 nm in diameter. The revelation of the crystallites under electron microscopy is dependent on the fixative; best structural preservation was observed after fixation in a buffered glutaraldehyde + acrolein solution; 0s04 and KMnO4 partially dissolved both the biocrystallites and synthetic BaS04

Does it take Three to Make Two Happy? An Experimental Study on Bargaining with Mediation

Mediation is a conflict resolution method in which a third neutral party provides assistance to the conflict parties.The process of mediation as well as any solution to the conflict arising from it is implemented only by the consent of all conflict parties.It is the role of a mediator to stimulate communication that leads to mutual understanding of the feasible conflict outcomes, i.e. to complete information on solution consequences among the parties of the conflict. This information is used by the parties of the conflict to evaluate their own as well as the others consequences of a proposed solution to the conflict.However, it is not clear whether the information itself, or the way it was obtained (by voluntary participation in a process in which it was collected) leads to a con ict resolution.This paper concentrates on the bargaining behavior in a conflict, abstracting from the mediators methods and techniques.We design an experiment where two-person conflicts are resolved in an unstructured bargaining and study whether the way of obtaining information on the relative payoffs influences the conflict resolution process.We also study the demand for such information by individuals with various types of social preferences.This allows us to address the role of self-selection in the mediation process.

Structurally-related (−)-epicatechin metabolites in humans: assessment using de novo chemically synthesized authentic standards

Accumulating data suggest that diets rich in flavanols and procyanidins are beneficial for human health. In this context, there has been a great interest in elucidating the systemic levels and metabolic profiles at which these compounds occur in humans. While recent progress has been made, there still exist considerable differences and various disagreements with regard to the mammalian metabolites of these compounds, which in turn is largely a consequence of the lack of availability of authentic standards that would allow for the directed development and validation of expedient analytical methodologies. In the present study, we developed a method for the analysis of structurally-related flavanol metabolites using a wide range of authentic standards. Applying this method in the context of a human dietary intervention study using comprehensively characterized and standardized flavanol- and procyanidin-containing cocoa, we were able to identify the structurally-related (−)-epicatechin metabolites (SREM) postprandially extant in the systemic circulation of humans. Our results demonstrate that (−)-epicatechin-3′-β-D-glucuronide, (−)-epicatechin-3′-sulfate, and a 3′-O-methyl(−)-epicatechin-5/7-sulfate are the predominant SREM in humans, and further confirm the relevance of the stereochemical configuration in the context of flavanol metabolism. In addition, we also identified plausible causes for the previously reported discrepancies regarding flavanol metabolism, consisting to a significant extent of inter-laboratory differences in sample preparation (enzymatic treatment and sample conditioning for HPLC analysis) and detection systems. Thus, these findings may also aid in the establishment of consensus on this topic

Investigating the post-stimulus undershoot of the BOLD signal – A simultaneous fMRI and fNIRS study

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