265 research outputs found
Lack of semantic parafoveal preview benefit in reading revisited
In contrast to earlier research, evidence for semantic preview benefit in reading has been reported by Hohenstein and Kliegl (Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 166–190, 2013) in an alphabetic writing system; they also implied that prior demonstrations of lack of a semantic preview benefit needed to be reexamined. In the present article, we report a rather direct replication of an experiment reported by Rayner, Balota, and Pollatsek (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986). Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, subjects read sentences that contained a target word (razor), but different preview words were initially presented in the sentence. The preview was identical to the target word (i.e., razor), semantically related to the target word (i.e., blade), semantically unrelated to the target word (i.e., sweet), or a visually similar nonword (i.e., razar). When the reader’s eyes crossed an invisible boundary location just to the left of the target word location, the preview changed to the target word. Like Rayner et al. (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986), we found that fixations on the target word were significantly shorter in the identical condition than in the unrelated condition, which did not differ from the semantically related condition; when an orthographically similar preview had been initially present in the sentence, fixations were shorter than when a semantically unrelated preview had been present. Thus, the present experiment replicates the earlier data reported by Rayner et al. (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986), indicating evidence for an orthographic preview benefit but a lack of semantic preview benefit in reading English
Are Eye Movements and EEG on the Same Page?: A Coregistration Study on Parafoveal Preview and Lexical Frequency
published Online: September 15, 2022Readers extract visual and linguistic information not only from fixated words but also upcoming parafoveal
words to introduce new input efficiently into the language processing pipeline. The lexical frequency
of upcoming words and similarity with subsequent foveal information both influence the amount
of time people spend once they fixate the word foveally. However, it is unclear from eye movements
alone the extent to which parafoveal word processing, and the integration of that word with foveally
obtained information, continues after saccade plans have been initiated. To investigate the underlying
neural processes involved in word recognition after saccade planning, we coregistered electroencephalogram
(EEG) and eye movements during a gaze-contingent display change paradigm. We orthogonally
manipulated the frequency of the parafoveal and foveal words and measured fixation related potentials
(FRPs) upon foveal fixation. Eye movements showed primarily an effect of preview frequency, suggesting
that saccade planning is based on the familiarity of the parafoveal input. FRPs, on the other hand,
demonstrated a disruption in downstream processing when parafoveal and foveal input differed, but
only when the parafoveal word was high frequency. These findings demonstrate that lexical processing
continues after the eyes have moved away from a word and that eye movements and FRPs provide distinct
but complementary accounts about oculomotor behavior and neural processing that cannot be
obtained from either method in isolation. Furthermore, these findings put constraints on models of reading
by suggesting that lexical processes that occur before an eye movement program is initiated are
qualitatively different from those that occur afterward.This study was partially funded by the Spanish government (FPIMINECO
Predoctoral Grant BES-2017-081797) and the society of Spanish
scientists in United States (ECUSA; Fostering Grads mentorship program).
Data from this study have been presented at the 2021 Psychonomic Society
Annual Meeting and a departmental colloquium in the Department of
Psychology at the University of South Florida. The data that support the
findings of this study, the full sentence stimuli, and the code used for
analyses, are available at https://osf.io/jkhvw/
Semantic parafoveal processing in natural reading: Insight from fixation-related potentials & eye movements
First published: 23 December 2021Prior research suggests that we may access the meaning of parafoveal words during
reading. We explored how semantic-plausibility
parafoveal processing takes
place in natural reading through the co-registration
of eye movements (EM) and
fixation-related
potentials (FRPs), using the boundary paradigm. We replicated
previous evidence of semantic parafoveal processing from highly controlled reading
situations, extending their findings to more ecologically valid reading scenarios.
Additionally, and exploring the time-course
of plausibility preview effects,
we found distinct but complementary evidence from EM and FRPs measures.
FRPs measures, showing a different trend than EM evidence, revealed that plausibility
preview effects may be long-lasting.
We highlight the importance of a co-registration
set-up
in ecologically valid scenarios to disentangle the mechanisms
related to semantic-plausibility
parafoveal processing.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación,
Grant/Award Number: PID2020-118487GB-
I00;
Ministerio de EconomÃa,
Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno
de España, Grant/Award Number: BES-2017-
08179
Do successor effects in reading reflect lexical parafoveal processing? Evidence from corpus-based and experimental eye movement data
Abstract In the past, most research on eye movements during reading involved a limited number of subjects reading sentences with specific experimental manipulations on target words. Such experiments usually only analyzed eye-movements measures on and around the target word. Recently, some researchers have started collecting larger data sets involving large and diverse groups of subjects reading large numbers of sentences, enabling them to consider a larger number of influences and study larger and more representative subject groups. In such corpus studies, most of the words in a sentence are analyzed. The complexity of the design of corpus studies and the many potentially uncontrolled influences in such studies pose new issues concerning the analysis methods and interpretability of the data. In particular, several corpus studies of reading have found an effect of successor word (n + 1) frequency on current word (n) fixation times, while studies employing experimental manipulations tend not to. The general interpretation of corpus studies suggests that readers obtain parafoveal lexical information from the upcoming word before they have finished identifying the current word, while the experimental manipulations shed doubt on this claim. In the present study, we combined a corpus analysis approach with an experimental manipulation (i.e., a parafoveal modification of the moving mask technique, Rayner & Bertera, 1979), so that, either (a) word n+1, (b) word n+;2, (c) both words, or (d) neither word was masked. We found that denying preview for either or both parafoveal words increased average fixation times. Furthermore, we found successor effects similar to those reported in the corpus studies. Importantly, these successor effects were found even when the parafoveal word was masked, suggesting that apparent successor frequency effects may be due to causes that are unrelated to lexical parafoveal preprocessing. We discuss the implications of this finding both for parallel and serial accounts of word identification and for the interpretability of large correlational studies of word identification in reading in general
Eye movements in reading and information processing: Keith Rayner's 40 year legacy
Keith Rayner’s extraordinary scientific career revolutionized the field of reading research and had a major impact on almost all areas of cognitive psychology. In this article, we review some of his most significant contributions. We begin with Rayner’s research on eye movement control, including the development of paradigms for answering questions about the perceptual span and its relationship to attention, reading experience, and linguistic variables. From there we proceed to lexical processing, where we summarize Rayner’s work on effects of word frequency, length, predictability, and the resolution of lexical ambiguity. Next, we turn to syntactic and discourse processing, covering the well-known garden-path model of parsing and briefly reviewing studies of pronoun resolution and inferencing. The next section shifts from language to visual cognition and reviews research which makes use of eye movement techniques to investigate object and scene processing. Next, we summarize Rayner and colleagues’ approach to computational modeling, with a description of the E-Z Reader model linking attention and lexical processing to eye movement control. The final section discusses the issues Rayner and his colleagues were focused on most recently and considers how Rayner’s legacy will continue into the future
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