Program Evaluation of Life Skill Curriculum for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to discover the effectiveness of curriculum specific to young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within a specific community. This paper supports a program evaluation of a life skill curriculum compiled, taught and refined, and specifically designed for young adults with ASD. Young adults with ASD have few resources for a successful transition from adolescence to young adulthood. There is diminutive amount of literature evaluating and providing evidence that teaching a life skill curriculum is effective in enhancing success in the transition for young adult with ASD. There is a great deal of information and research on the effectiveness of early treatment but a considerable deficit is found in those clients who did not receive the diagnosis of ASD until they were in late adolescence or early adulthood. The population of young adult clients ranges from low, including non-verbal clients, to high functioning. It is the author’s hope to contribute to the gap in the literature with programming and resources to meet the needs, support growth, and the opportunity for reaching the highest level of independence in the ASD population. The growth demonstrated by the clients in the life skill curriculum demonstrated an average of two categories. With the direct supervision and support by the mentors and Life Skill coaches, the clients experienced the feeling of choice and autonomy as each worked toward some form of more independent living

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Stakeholder Management und Netzwerkgovernance

Stakeholder-Dialoge, Multistakeholder-Foren, deliberative Diskurse, Stakeholder-Netzwerke – um nur einige Varianten der etablierten Begrifflichkeiten des politischen Diskurses anzuführen – sind Steuerungsmedien moderner Gesell-schaften. Mit ihnen verbindet sich der Versuch, auf die wachsende Komplexität und Unsicherheit einer globalisierten Welt durch eine Steigerung der Adaptivität ihrer Governancestrukturen zu reagieren. Diese Komplexität und Unsicherheit der Entscheidungen speist sich im Wesentlichen aus der nicht abreißenden Zunahme neuartiger Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen für alle Subsysteme der Gesellschaften. Dialoge und Diskurse sind in dieser Situation Medien dezentraler Steuerung, mit denen versucht wird, mehr Alternativen und damit auch Wettbewerb in der institutionellen und organisatorischen Struktur einer Gesellschaft zu schaffen. Die dadurch entstehende institutionelle Diversifität vergrößert die adaptive Effizienz einer Gesellschaft, mit ihren Herausforderungen erfolgreich umzugehen. Stakeholder-Netzwerke erlauben die Integration und Organisation verstreuten Wissens, neuer Ideen, und eine ihrer Erfolgsbedingungen ist es, dass sie dies zu niedrigen Transaktionskosten tun. Hier liegt die Triebkraft für die allgemein anerkannte Tatsache, dass Unternehmen in den gesellschaftlichen Diskursen der letzten Jahre eine prominente Rolle gespielt haben und wohl auch noch künftig spielen werden. Unternehmen sind wissensbasierte Organisationen, die über ein vielfältiges Wissen (aus Management, Kultur, Ökonomik, Politik etc.) verfügen und Ressourcen zur Realisierung sich daraus ergebender Handlungsoptionen mobilisieren können. Damit sind sie Ressourcenbündel, die auch für die Entscheidung politischer oder gesellschaftlicher Fragen mit Nutzen zugänglich gemacht werden können. Ökonomisch gesehen stellt sich hier zunächst die Frage nach den Transaktions-kosten und der Verteilung der Erträge aus diesen materiellen und immateri- ellen Ressourcen. Damit zusammenhängend stellt sich die Frage nach der angemessenen Governancestruktur zur Mobilisierung und Einspeisung dieser Ressourcen in die Gesellschaft und umgekehrt, sowohl aus Sicht der Unternehmen als auch aus Sicht der Gesellschaft. In diesem Bericht wird aufgezeigt, welche Konsequenzen sich aus der Diskussion über CSR und Netzwerke für die Betrachtung des Wesens der Firma ergeben. Dazu wird zuerst die neu entwickelte Stakeholder- Governance-Theorie vorgestellt, in der die Firma als eine gesellschaftliche Governanceform für bilaterale und multilaterale, vertraglich organisierte Stakeholder-Beziehungen verstanden wird (vgl. Kapitel II). Anschließend werden die empirischen Ergebnisse der komparativen Analyse erörtert, in der untersucht wurde, ob und inwieweit bestimmte Governanceformen von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) im Vergleich zu Großunternehmen signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich Effektivität, Effizienz und Legitimität von CSR aufweisen (vgl. Kapitel III)

ISO 26000 as a Stakeholder Dialogue

The focus of this part of the research project lies on the process of developing a Social Responsibility Standard within a network made up of various stakeholders. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is known as the world´s leading institution for the development of standards. Besides setting standards in the fields of e.g. construction, agriculture and information technology, recently the Technical Management Board (TMB) of ISO proposed to further extend its activities by developing an international standard addressing the social responsibility of organizations. In 2004, a new Working Group was established as a multi-stakeholder group comprised of experts, who are nominated by ISO´s members as well as interested international and regional organizations in order to provide for guidance in setting international standards on social responsibility. In May 2006, the survey was conducted during the third conference of the ISO Working Group in Lisbon, Portugal. This particular empirical study has been designed on the one hand to investigate the motivation of organizations and their delegates to engage in social responsibility. On the other hand, the survey had the objective to evaluate the individual participants' current perception and assessment of the network´s efficiency, effectiveness and legitimacy, a so-called 'snap-shot' of this ISO process1. Overall, the empirical study shows that the organizations and their delegates, who have dealt with the topic SR for several years for diverse reasons, expect a tremendous effect by implementing ISO 26000 in their own organizations. Furthermore, the majority of respondents assess the decision-making process positively within the ISO process with respect to the criteria inclusive, fair, capacity building, legitimate and transparent. Difficulties concerning the distribution of stakeholder influences are being addressed. The results of the survey support the efforts to establish policies and procedures in order to encourage a balanced representation of stakeholders in terms of gender, geographic and stakeholder groups

The murine male reproductive organ at a glance: Three-dimensional insights and virtual histology using label-free light sheet microcopy

Background:The unique anatomy of the male reproductive organ reflects its complex function from sperm maturation to their storage for months until emission. Since light microscopy in two dimensions (2d) cannot sufficiently demonstrate its complex morphology, a comprehensive visualization is required to identify pathologic alterations in its entire anatomical context.Objectives:Aim of this study was to use three-dimensional (3d) light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to visualize entire murine testes in 3d, label-free and at subcellular resolution, and to assign local autofluorescence to testicular and deferent structures.Materials and methods:Murine testes were fixed with four different fixatives and subsequently cleared with benzoic acid/benzyl benzoate. Hereafter, complete murine testes were scanned with LSFM with different fluorescence filter sets and subsequently embedded in paraffin for further conventional planar histology.Results:Autofluorescence signals of the murine reproductive organ allowed the unambiguous identification of the testicular anatomy from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens with their specific stratification independent of the used fixative. Blood vessels were visualized from the pampiniform plexus to the small capillaries of single tubules. Moreover, due to the specific intrinsic fluorescence properties of the efferent ducts and the epididymis, luminal caliber, the epithelial stratification and retronuclear cytoplasmic inclusions gave a unique insight into the interface of both morphological structures. Subsequent 2d histology confirmed the identified morphological structures.Discussion:LSFM analysis of the murine reproductive organ allows due to its intrinsic fluorescence a simple, label-free 3d assessment of its entire duct morphology, the epithelial composition, and the associated blood supply in its anatomical relation.Conclusion:LSFM provides the technical basis for comprehensive analyses of pathologically altered murine testes in its entirety by depicting specific autofluorescence. Thereby it facilitates mouse studies of testicular disease or their drug-related alterations in more detail potentially for clinical translation assessing human testicular biopsies.<br

Basic emergency care course and longitudinal mentorship completed in a rural Neno District, Malawi: A feasibility, acceptability, and impact study

BACKGROUND: Frontline providers mostly outside specific emergency areas deliver emergency care around the world, yet often they do not receive dedicated training in managing emergency conditions. When designed for low-resource settings, emergency care training has been shown to improve provider skills, facilitate efficient use of available resources, and reduce death and disability by ensuring timely access to life-saving care. METHODS: The WHO/ICRC Basic Emergency Care (BEC) Course with follow up longitudinal mentorship for 6 months was implemented in rural Neno District Malawi from September 2019-April 2020. We completed a mixed-methods analysis of the course and mentorship included mentor and participant surveys and feedback, mentorship quantification, and participant examination results. Simple descriptive statistics and boxplot visuals were used to describe participant demographics and mentorship quantification with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test to evaluate pre- and post-test scores. Qualitative feedback from participants and mentors were inductively analyzed using Dedoose. RESULTS: The median difference of BEC course examination percentage score between participants before the BEC course and immediately following the course was 18.0 (95% CI 14.0-22.0; p<0.001). Examination scores from the one-year post-test was lower but sustained above the pre-course test score with a median difference of 11.9 (95% CI 4.0-16.0; p<0.009). There were 174 mentorship activities with results suggesting that a higher number of mentorship touches and hours of mentor-mentee interactions may assist in sustained knowledge test scores. Reported strengths included course delivery approach leading to improved knowledge with mentorship enhancing skills, learning and improved confidence. Suggestions for improvement included more contextualized training and increased mentorship. CONCLUSION: The BEC course and subsequent longitudinal mentorship were feasible and acceptable to participants and mentors in the Malawian low resource context. Follow-up longitudinal mentorship was feasible and acceptable and is likely important to cementing the course concepts for long-term retention of knowledge and skills

Primary caregivers, healthcare workers, teachers and community leaders' perceptions and experiences of their involvement, practice and challenges of disclosure of HIV status to children living with HIV in Malawi: A qualitative study

Background: The World Health Organisation has recommended that healthcare workers, teachers and community leaders work with parents to support children living with HIV. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions and experiences of primary caregivers and other care providers such as healthcare workers, teachers, and community leaders regarding their involvement, practice and challenges of HIV disclosure to children aged between 6 and 12 years living with HIV in Malawi. Methods: Twelve focus group discussions and 19 one-on-one interviews involving a total of 106 participants were conducted in all three administrative regions of Malawi. The interviews and focus group discussions explored perceptions and experiences regarding involvement, practice and challenges of disclosure of HIV status to children. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Primary caregivers, healthcare workers, teachers, and community leaders all reported that the disclosure of HIV status to children was not well coordinated because each of the groups of participants was working in isolation instead of working as a team. A "working together" model emerged from the data analysis where participants expressed the need for them to work as a team in order to promote safe and effective HIV status disclosure through talking about HIV, sharing responsibility and open communication. Participants reported that by working together, the team members would ensure that the prevalence of HIV disclosure to young children increases and that there would be a reduction in any negative impact of disclosure. Conclusion: Global resources are required to better support children living with HIV and their families. Healthcare workers and teachers would benefit greatly from training in working together with families living with HIV and, specifically, training in the disclosure process. Resources, in the form of books and other educational materials, would help them explain HIV and its effective management to children and families

Standardization of double blind placebo controlled food challenge with soy within a multicentre trial

Background: Multicentre trials investigating food allergies by double blind placebo controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) need standardized procedures, challenge meals and evaluation criteria. We aimed at developing a standardized approach for identifying patients with birch related soy allergy by means of DBPCFC to soy, including determination of threshold levels, in a multicentre setting. Methods: Microbiologically stable soy challenge meals were composed of protein isolate with consistent Gly m 4 levels. Patients sensitized to main birch allergen Bet v 1 and concomitant sensitization to its soy homologue Gly m 4 underwent DBPCFC. Outcome was defined according to presence and/or absence of ten objective signs and intensity of eight subjective symptoms as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: 138 adult subjects (63.8% female, mean age 38 years) underwent DBPCFC. Challenge meals and defined evaluation criteria showed good applicability in all centres involved. 45.7% presented with objective signs and 65.2% with subjective symptoms at soy challenge. Placebo challenge meals elicited non-cardiovascular objective signs in 11.6%. In 82 (59.4%) subjects DBPCFC was judged as positive. 70.7% of DPBCFC+ showed objective signs and 85.4% subjective symptoms at soy challenge. Subjective symptoms to soy challenge meal in DBPCFC+ subjects started at significantly lower dose levels than objective signs (p < 0.001). Median cumulative eliciting doses for first objective signs in DBPCFC+ subjects were 4.7 g [0.7–24.7] and 0.7 g [0.2–4.7] total soy protein for first subjective symptoms (p = 0.01). Conclusions: We present the hitherto largest group of adults with Bet v 1 and Gly m 4 sensitization being investigated by DBPCFC. In this type of food allergy evaluation of DBPCFC outcome should not only include monitoring of objective signs but also scoring of subjective symptoms. Our data may contribute to standardize DBPCFC in pollen-related food allergy in multicentre settings. Trial registration EudraCT: 2009-011737-27