Juristische Arbeitsmethodik

Die vorliegende Abhandlung stellt die Grundlagen der juristischen Arbeitsmethodik vor. Nach einer Einführung zu den juristischen Tätigkeiten und wichtigen (vornehmlich privatrechtlichen) Rechtsgebieten wird die juristische Arbeitsmethodik dargestellt. Im Einzelnen geht es um die Arbeitsschritte, den Aufbau eines juristischen Gutachtens und die Anspruchsprüfung. Zielgruppen sind in erster Linie Studierende von Universitäten, Fachhochschulen, Berufsakademien und anderen Bildungseinrichtungen

The global sanctions data base–Release 3: COVID‐19, Russia, and multilateral sanctions

This paper introduces the third update/release of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB-R3). The GSDB-R3 extends the period of coverage from 1950–2019 to 1950–2022, which includes two special periods—COVID-19 and the new sanctions against Russia. This update of the GSDB contains a total of 1325 cases. In response to multiple inquiries and requests, the GSDB-R3 has been amended with a new variable that distinguishes between unilateral and multilateral sanctions. As before, the GSDB comes in two versions, case-specific and dyadic, which are freely available upon request at [email protected]. To highlight one of the new features of the GSDB, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of unilateral and multilateral sanctions on trade. We also obtain estimates of the effects on trade of the 2014 sanctions on Russia

Evaluation of a Contactless Accelerometer Sensor System for Heart Rate Monitoring During Sleep

The monitoring of a patient's heart rate (HR) is critical in the diagnosis of diseases. In the detection of sleep disorders, it also plays an important role. Several techniques have been proposed, including using sensors to record physiological signals that are automatically examined and analysed. This work aims to evaluate using a contactless HR monitoring system based on an accelerometer sensor during sleep. For this purpose, the oscillations caused by chest movements during heart contractions are recorded by an installation mounted under the bed mattress. The processing algorithm presented in this paper filters the signals and determines the HR. As a result, an average error of about 5 bpm has been documented, i.e., the system can be considered to be used for the forecasted domain

Non-Invasive System for Measuring Parameters Relevant to Sleep Quality and Detecting Sleep Diseases: The Data Model

Healthy and good sleep is a prerequisite for a rested mind and body. Both form the basis for physical and mental health. Healthy sleep is hindered by sleep disorders, the medically diagnosed frequency of which increases sharply from the age of 40. This chapter describes the formal specification of an on-course practical implementation for a non-invasive system based on biomedical signal processing to support the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-related diseases. The system aims to continuously monitor vital data during sleep in a patient’s home environment over long periods by using non-invasive technologies. At the center of the development is the MORPHEUS Box (MoBo), which consists of five main conceptualizations: the MoBo core, the MoBo-HW, the MoBo algorithm, the MoBo API, and the MoBo app. These synergistic elements aim to support the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-related diseases. Although there are related developments in individual aspects concerning the system, no comparative approach is known that gives a similar scope of functionality, deployment flexibility, extensibility, or the possibility to use multiple user groups. With the specification provided in this chapter, the MORPHEUS project sets a good platform, data model, and transmission strategies to bring an innovative proposal to measure sleep quality and detect sleep diseases from non-invasive sensors

Prototyping a Compact Form Factor Module for Physiological Measurement with Multiple Applications During the Daily Routine

With the advancement in sensor technology and the trend shift of health measurement from treatment after diagnosis to abnormalities detection long before the occurrence, the approach of turning private spaces into diagnostic spaces has gained much attention. In this work, we designed and implemented a low-cost and compact form factor module that can be deployed on the steering wheel of cars as well as most frequently touch objects at home in order to measure physiological signals from the fingertip of the subject as well as environmental parameters. We estimated the heart rate and SpO2 with the error of 2.83 bpm and 3.52%, respectively. The signal evaluation of skin temperature shows a promising output with respect to environmental recalibration. In addition, the electrodermal activity sensor followed the reference signal, appropriately which indicates the potential for further development and application in stress measurement

The effects of heterogeneous sanctions on exporting firms: Evidence from Denmark

AbstractSanctions encompass a wide set of policy instruments restricting cross‐border economic activities. In this paper, we study how different types of sanctions affect the export behavior of firms to the targeted countries. We combine Danish register data, including information on firm‐destination‐specific exports, with information on sanctions imposed by Denmark from the Global Sanctions Database. Our data allow us to study firms' export behavior in 62 sanctioned countries, amounting to a total of 453 country‐years with sanctions over the period 2000–2015. Methodologically, we apply a two‐stage estimation strategy to properly account for multilateral resistance terms. We find that, on average, sanctions lead to a significant reduction in firms' destination‐specific exports and a significant increase in firms' probability to exit the destination. Next, we study heterogeneity in the effects of sanctions across (i) sanction types and sanction packages, (ii) the objectives of sanctions, and (iii) countries subject to sanctions. Results confirm that the effects of sanctions on firms' export behavior vary considerably across these three dimensions

Definition of Emotional States Interval for Application of Artificial Intelligence and Stress Estimation

The perception of the amount of stress is subjective to every person, and the perception of it changes depending on many factors. One of the factors that has an impact on perceived stress is the emotional state. In this work, we compare the emotional state of 40 German driving students and present different partitions that can be advantageous for using artificial intelligence and classification. Like this, we evaluate the data quality and prepare for the specific use. The Stress Perceived Questionnaire (PSQ20) was employed to assess the level of stress experienced by individuals while participating in a driving simulation for 5 and 25 min. As a result of our analysis, we present a categorisation of various emotional states into intervals, comparing different classifications and facilitating a more straightforward implementation of artificial intelligence for classification purposes

Risikobeschränkung in der Portfoliooptimierung

Das Management von Aktienfonds strebt effiziente Mischungen von Aktien an. Nachdem diese durch Optimierungsverfahren ermittelt wurden, müssen sie aus ökonomischen oder rechtlichen Gründen oft angepasst werden mit der Konsequenz, dass die Lösungen nicht mehr effizient sind. Ein rechtlicher Grund kann bei einem öffentlich angebotenen Aktienfond der Artikel 52(2) der EU-Richtlinie 2009/65/EC bzw. das KAGB § 206 sein. Ein Teil der Richtlinie besagt z.B., dass in eine Aktie nie mehr als 10% des Budgets investiert werden kann. Diese Regeln insgesamt sich auch als 5-10-40-Bedingung bekannt. Um derartige Risikobeschränkungen in der Portfoliooptimierung zu integrieren wurden zwei Optimierungsmodelle entwickelt – ein quadratisches und ein lineares. Die Modelle wurden anhand von historischen Renditedaten des HDAX getestet. Das lineare Modell zeigt, dass die Vorgaben der EU-Richtlinie die angestrebte Volatilitätsreduktion erreicht. Diese Risikobeschränkung hat aber einen Preis, der in den Währungen „Renditeverlust“ bzw. „Volatilitätszuwachs“ ausgedrückt werden kann. Bei gleicher Volatilität erzielte das nicht durch die 5-10-40-Bedingung eingeschränkte Portfolio eine ca. 10% höhere Jahresrendite. Der „Volatilitätszuwachs“ ist im Umfeld des minimalen Volatilitätspunktes (MVP) gering, kann aber bis zu 25% betragen, wenn Portfolios die unter der 5-10-40-Bedingung ermittelt wurden verglichen werden mit uneingeschränkt optimierten Portfolios bei jeweils gleicher Rendite. Das quadratische Modell baut auf dem Ansatz von H. Markowitz auf und zeigt einen flexibleren Weg der Risikobegrenzung der zu vergleichbaren Resultaten führt.The management of equity funds tries to find an efficient selection of stocks. After these have been determined by optimization procedures, they often have to be adjusted for economic or legal reasons with the consequence that the solutions are no longer efficient. In the case of a publicly offered equity fund, a legal reason can be Article 52(2) of the Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 or the KAGB § 206. A part of the directive states e.g. that never more than 10% of the budget can be invested in one share. These rules in total are also known as the 5-10-40 condition. In order to integrate such risk constraints inportfolio optimization, two optimization models have been developed - a quadratic and a linear one. The models were tested using historical return data from the HDAX. The linear model shows that the specifications of the EU Directive achieve the targeted volatility reduction. However, this risk constraint has a price, which can be expressed in terms of the currencies "return loss" or "volatility gain". For the same volatility, the portfolio not constrained by the 5-10-40 condition achieved an annual return that was approximately 10% higher. The"volatility gain" is small around the minimum volatility point (MVP), but can be as high as 25% when portfolios determined under the 5-10-40 condition are compared to unconstrained optimized portfolios at the same return in each case. The quadratic model is based on the approach of H. Markowitz and shows a more flexible way of risk limitation that leads to comparable results