Survival of salmonella in anaerobic system for the treatment of pig waste

A utilização de biodigestores no meio rural tem aumentado em função de sua capacidade de tratar os dejetos de origem animal, associada à geração de energia. Entretanto, uma vez que a destinação dos efluentes destes sistemas é o uso como fertilizantes do solo, faz-se necessária a investigação da capacidade de sobrevivência de agentes potencialmente patogênicos aos animais e ao homem nestes sistemas. Considerando que os suínos são portadores assintomáticos de salmonelas e que este microrganismo tem capacidade de sobreviver no solo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de bactérias do gênero Salmonella em sistema anaeróbio para o tratamento de dejetos suínos. Em um sistema constituído por um reator anaeróbio acidogênico com capacidade para 20 L seguido por um reator anaeróbio metanogênico com capacidade para 40 L, ambos em acrílico, carregado com dejetos provenientes de uma granja negativa para salmonelas, inocularam-se 106ufc de Salmonella Typhimurium por mL de dejeto. Em amostras do dejeto antes deste ser transferido ao sistema anaeróbio de tratamento e no efluente do sistema, depois de decorridos sete dias de tratamento, determinou-se o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de salmonelas. Verificou-se redução no número médio de salmonelas após o tratamento, verificando-se NMP médio de 4,14Log10 no material de carga do sistema e 2,73 Log10 NMP no efluente. O uso de reatores anaeróbicos deve ser entendido como parte de um sistema integrado para o tratamento de resíduos orgânicos de origem animal, possibilitando segurança na destinação dos efluentes ao ambiente.The use of biodigesters in rural areas has increased due to its ability to treat animal waste, associated with energy generation. However, since the destination of the effluents from these systems is to be used as soil fertilizers, it is necessary to investigate the survival capacity of potentially pathogenic agents to animals and man in these systems. Considering that pigs are asymptomatic carriers of salmonella and that this microorganism has the ability to survive in the soil, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the survival of bacteria of the genus Salmonella in anaerobic system for the treatment of swine manure. In a system consisting of an acidogenic anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 20 L followed by a methanogenic anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 40 L, both in acrylic, loaded with waste from a negative farm for salmonella, 106ufc of Salmonella Typhimurium was inoculated per mL of waste. In samples of the manure before it was transferred to the anaerobic treatment system and in the system effluent, after seven days of treatment, the Most Likely Number (PWN) of salmonella was determined. There was a reduction in the average number of salmonella after treatment, with an average NMP of 4.14Log10 in the system loading material and 2.73 Log10 NMP in the effluent. The use of anaerobic reactors must be understood as part of an integrated system for the treatment of organic residues of animal origin, enabling safety in the disposal of effluents to the environment

COERÊNCIA PROGRAMÁTICA E DISCIPLINA PARLAMENTAR: PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS FRENTE À PROPOSTA DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES SOCIAIS

Este artigo trata sobre o efeito dos partidos políticos no processo decisório de uma política de reforma doEstado denominada organizações sociais. Analisa-se sua proposição e tramitação legislativa em nívelfederal e estadual (no estado de São Paulo) e sua adoção pelos estados brasileiros no período compreendidoentre 1995 e 2006. Referente à adoção da política pelos estados, estudos realizados neste trabalho –considerando a situação das administrações estaduais, o partido político no governo e a adoção ou não dapolítica – sugerem a filiação partidária do Governador como proxi de sua decisão em aderir ou não aomodelo via à vis argumentos de cunho econômico/fiscal. A análise legislativa demonstrou relevância dospartidos na estruturação do processo decisório e na orientação do voto disciplinado dos parlamentares. Aposição de cada partido foi, para o caso observado, coerente com seus respectivos programas

Cost-savings and potential cost-savings through the distribution of generic antiretroviral drugs within the statutory health insurance market of Germany between January 2017 and June 2019

Background: Recent patent losses for antiretroviral drugs (ARV) have led to the debate of cost-saving through the replacement of patented drugs with generic drugs. The split of recommended single-tablet regimens (STR) into their single substance partners is one of the considerations mentioned in said debate. Particularly, generic tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is expected to hold untapped cost-saving potential, which may curb increasing overall expenditures for combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) within the statutory health insurance (SHI) of Germany. Methods: Data of ARV reimbursed by the SHI were used to describe the trends of defined daily doses (DDD) as well as the revenue within the German ARV market. They were also used to determine the cost-savings of moving to generic drugs. The time period observed was between January 2017 and June 2019. The potential cost-savings were determined with following assumption in mind: the maximum possible use of generic ARV, including 1) the split of STR and replacing all substance partners with generic ones, and 2) replacing patented tenofovir alafenamide/emtricit- abine (TAF/FTC) with generic TDF/FTC. Results: Throughout the observation period, the DDD of generic ARV increased nearly five-fold while their revenue increased more than four-fold. Total cost-saving showed a sharp increase over the same period, with generic TDF/FTC accounting for a share of around 70%. The largest potential cost-saving could have been achieved through replacing patented TAF/FTC with generic TDF/FTC, peaking at nearly 10% of total revenue, but showing decreasing trends in general. Conclusion: The progressive distribution of generic ARV ensured increasing cost-savings, but consequently curbed the potential cost-savings. Unique price reductions of generic TDF/FTC have played a pivotal role for these effects. In any case, substituting with generic ARV should not fail to adhere to the treatment guidelines and continue to con- sider the medical requirements for the treatment.Peer Reviewe

DIAGNÓSTICO PARASITOLÓGICO EM CÃES ATENDIDOS PELO CENTRO DE BEM-ESTAR ANIMAL DE SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL

O Centro de Bem-estar Animal (CEBEA) de São Francisco do Sul - SC através da Secretaria Municipalde Saúde foi criado em 2009. Este serviço público de controle populacional de animais e dezoonoses foi regulamentado pelo Decreto nº 1.091/2010. Tendo como objetivos a minimização dos problemascriados pela superpopulação de cães na rua através de campanha de esterilização de animaisde estimação, abandonados ou de propriedade de pessoas que comprovem residir no município edemonstrem ser carentes. O CEBEA também atua na apuração de denúncias de maus tratos de animais,e em caso de constatação, o encaminhamento de ofícios e comunicados aos órgãos públicoscompetentes para a adoção das medidas legais cabíveis. No sentido educacional o CEBEA promovecampanhas de conscientização sobre guarda responsável e o bem-estar animal. Com relação à saúdeanimal no CEBEA são realizados tratamentos terapêuticos de animais que apresentam sinais clínicosin loco ou por intermédio de acolhimento temporário de cães que se encontrarem abandonados emvias públicas, logradouros, praças, orla marítima ou outros espaços públicos do Município

Auf dem Weg zum Ende von AIDS? Die HIV-Epidemie in Deutschland

Vor 40 Jahren wurde das Humane Immundefizienz-Virus (HIV) erstmals als das Virus identifiziert und beschrieben, welches das erworbene Immunschwächesyndrom AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) verursacht. Vor diesem Hintergrund und anlässlich des diesjährigen Welt-AIDS-Tages werden im Editorial ein Überblick über den Verlauf der HIV-Epidemie in Deutschland und weltweit gegeben sowie die Herausforderungen der kommenden Jahre beleuchtet

Increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage and decreasing hepatitis B co-infection prevalence among people with HIV-1 in Germany, 1996–2019. Results from a cohort study primarily in men who have sex with men

Objectives Viral hepatitis co-infection among people living with HIV is known to accelerate the progression of liver disease and AIDS. An increased prevalence and incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among people living with HIV demands continuous monitoring to adapt targeted prevention strategies to reach the global goals of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat. Methods We determined the prevalence and incidence of HBV for the years 1996–2019 from yearly blood sample testing and questionnaire reports among people living with HIV belonging to a nationwide, multicentre observational, prospective cohort study. Results Among this study population of 3479 participants, the majority (87%) indicated that being men who have sex with men (MSM) was their likely HIV transmission route; 51% were recruited from Berlin. HBV prevalence for acute/chronic and resolved infections decreased from 4.1% and 45% in 1996–1999 to 1.3% and 16% in 2019, respectively. Simultaneously, participants with a serological status indicating HBV vaccination increased from 25% in 1996–1999 to 69% in 2019. Among vaccinated participants with relevant information (n = 1135), 38% received their first HBV vaccination after HIV infection. The HBV incidence rate in 565 eligible participants decreased from 6.9/100 person-years in 2004–2007 to 0.45/100 person-years in 2015. Conclusion Increasing vaccination coverage because of a general HBV vaccination recommendation and catch-up vaccination efforts among risk groups decreased HBV infection prevalence over time among this study population of people living with HIV, primarily MSM and from Berlin. Despite this success, the prevalence and incidence of HBV remains higher than in the general population in Germany. This emphasizes the need for continued HBV prevention by promoting HBV vaccination and HBV screening at regular intervals based on the individual risk behaviour.Peer Reviewe

Self-Care, Sense Of Coherence And Depression In Patients Hospitalized For Decompensated Heart Failure

OBJECTIVE To analyze the self-care behaviors according to gender, the symptoms of depression and sense of coherence and compare the measurements of depression and sense of coherence according to gender. METHOD A correlational, cross-sectional study that investigated 132 patients with decompensated heart failure (HF). Data were collected through interviews and consultation to medical records, and analyzed using the chi-square and the Student's t tests with significance level of 0.05. Participants were 75 men and 57 women, aged 63.2 years on average (SD = 13.8). RESULTS No differences in self-care behavior by gender were found, except for rest after physical activity (p = 0.017). Patients who practiced physical activity showed fewer symptoms of depression (pOBJETIVO Analisar os comportamentos de autocuidado segundo o sexo, sintomas de depressão e senso de coerência e comparar as medidas de depressão e senso de coerência segundo o sexo. MÉTODO Estudo correlacional, de corte transversal, que investigou 132 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas e consultas aos prontuários e analisados pelos testes Qui-quadrado e t de Student, com nível de significância de 0,05. Participaram 75 homens e 57 mulheres, com média de idade de 63,2 anos (D.P.=13,8). RESULTADOS Não constatamos diferenças nos comportamentos de autocuidado segundo o sexo, exceto para descanso após atividade física (p=0,017). Pacientes que realizavam atividade física apresentaram menos sintomas de depressão (pOBJETIVO Analizar los comportamientos de autocuidado según el sexo, síntomas de depresión y sentido de coherencia y comparar las medidas de depresión y sentido de coherencia según el sexo. MÉTODO Estudio correlacional, de corte transversal, que investigó a 132 pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) descompensada. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas y consultas a las fichas médicas y analizados por las pruebas Chi cuadrado y t de Student, con nivel de significación de 0,05. Participaron 75 hombres y 57 mujeres, con promedio de edad de 63,2 años (D.P.=13,8). RESULTADOS No hemos constatado diferencias en los comportamientos de autocuidado según el sexo, excepto para descanso luego de actividad física (p=0,017). Pacientes que realizaban actividad física presentaron menos síntomas de depresión (

Increased incidence of syphilis in men who have sex with men and risk management strategies, Germany, 2015.

In Germany, the number of reported syphilis cases increased between 11% and 22% per year between 2010 and 2014. We analysed syphilis surveillance data and data of four behavioural surveys on men who have sex with men (MSM) in Germany (2003, 2007, 2010, 2013) to assess if this rise is ongoing and to find possible explanations for it. Syphilis notifications increased in 2015 by 19% to a total of 6,834. This was mainly due to increasing notifications in MSM of all age groups in larger German cities. Data from the behavioural surveys on MSM in Germany showed a simultaneous increase of selective condom use as HIV-status-bases risk management strategy and the number of syphilis cases. MSM diagnosed with HIV reported condomless anal intercourse with non-steady partners more frequent than MSM not diagnosed with HIV or untested for HIV, but the latter also reported higher frequencies of this behaviour in the more recent surveys. Transmission in HIV-positive MSM probably plays an important, but not exclusive role, for the syphilis dynamics in Germany. A risk adapted routine screening for sexually active MSM and potentially innovative approaches to increase early screening and treatment of syphilis such as internet counselling, home sampling, home testing and broadening venue-based (rapid) testing, should be critically evaluated to effectively reduce syphilis infections