2,028 research outputs found

    Genomic basis of ecological niche divergence among cryptic sister species of non-biting midges

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    Background: There is a lack of understanding the evolutionary forces driving niche segregation of closely related organisms. In addition, pinpointing the genes driving ecological divergence is a key goal in molecular ecology. Here, larval transcriptome sequences obtained by next-generation-sequencing are used to address these issues in a morphologically cryptic sister species pair of non-biting midges (Chironomus riparius and C. piger). Results: More than eight thousand orthologous open reading frames were screened for interspecific divergence and intraspecific polymorphisms. Despite a small mean sequence divergence of 1.53% between the sister species, 25.1% of 18,115 observed amino acid substitutions were inferred by α statistics to be driven by positive selection. Applying McDonald-Kreitman tests to 715 alignments of gene orthologues identified eleven (1.5%) genes driven by positive selection. Conclusions: Three candidate genes were identified as potentially responsible for the observed niche segregation concerning nitrite concentration, habitat temperature and water conductivity. Additionally, signs of positive selection in the hydrogen sulfide detoxification pathway were detected, providing a new plausible hypothesis for the species’ ecological differentiation. Finally, a divergently selected, nuclear encoded mitochondrial ribosomal protein may contribute to reproductive isolation due to cytonuclear coevolution

    Theories of the initial mass function

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    We review the various theories which have been proposed along the years to explain the origin of the stellar initial mass function. We pay particular attention to four models, namely the competitive accretion and the theories based respectively on stopped accretion, MHD shocks and turbulent dispersion. In each case, we derive the main assumptions and calculations that support each theory and stress their respective successes and failures or difficulties.Comment: Invited review for IAU symposium 270 'Computational star formation', Ed., J. Alves, B. Elmegreen, J. Girart, V. Trimbl

    Bericht zum Workshop "GeoHumanities: Karten, Daten, Texte in den Digitalen Geisteswissenschaften"

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    Am 25. MĂ€rz 2014 fand in Passau der vom Projekt „GeoBib“ veranstaltete Workshop „Geo-Humanities: Karten, Daten, Texte in den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften“ statt. Im Kontext der ersten Jahrestagung des Verbandes „Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum (DHd)“ war es das Ziel des Workshops, Vertreter verschiedener geisteswissenschaftlicher Fachrichtungen sowie aus Geographie, Informatik, Geoinformatik und den „Digital Humani-ties“ zusammenzubringen. Gemeinsam sollten aktuelle Arbeiten an den Schnittstellen zwi-schen den (digitalen) Geisteswissenschaften und den soeben genannten Disziplinen beleuchtet werden. Die zu diesem Themenkomplex eingeladenen Vortragenden beschĂ€ftigen sich dementspre-chend mit sehr verschiedenartigen Forschungsfeldern – von der Regionalsprachenforschung (J. E. SCHMIDT, Marburg) und Lexikographie (E. WANDL-VOGT, Wien mit R. THERON, Sa-lamanca) ĂŒber ArchĂ€ologie (L. LOOS, Heidelberg) und Altertumswissenschaften (R. SIMON, Wien, PELAGIOS) bis hin zu regionalgeschichtlichen und literaturbezogenen Fragestellungen (A. VOLKMANN, Heidelberg). Flexibel einsetzbare webbasierte Softwarelösungen zur Visuali-sierung und Auswertung raum-zeitlicher Daten (TH. KOLLATZ, Essen, DARIAH-DE und S. JÄNICKE, Leipzig) wurden ebenso thematisiert wie allgemeine Verfahren und Herausforde-rungen bei der Erkennung und Extraktion geographischer Informationen und Relationen aus textuellen Daten (A. BLESSING / J. KUHN, Stuttgart, CLARIN-D, und A. HENRICH, Bamberg) und historischen Dokumenten (L. LOOS, Heidelberg). Die Special Interest Group „GeoHuma-nities“ des Dachverbandes ADHO, welche auf dem Workshop ebenfalls vorgestellt wurde (Ø. EIDE, Passau), bietet eine Möglichkeit ĂŒber den Workshop hinaus als entstehende Community in Kontakt zu bleiben. Mit ĂŒber 60 Teilnehmern und regen Diskussionen lieferte der Workshop einen gelungenen Beitrag zum Rahmenprogramm der anschließenden Konferenz „DHd 2014“ an der UniversitĂ€t Passau. Dieses Dokument bĂŒndelt die Informationen zum Workshop. ZunĂ€chst werden die Zielset-zung und das Konzept des Workshops vorgestellt, anschließend finden sich der Ablaufplan des Workshops sowie kurze Zusammenfassungen der WorkshopbeitrĂ€ge. Eine Sammlung von Ressourcen zu den Workshopthemen bietet Einstiegsmöglichkeiten fĂŒr eine tiefere BeschĂ€fti-gung mit den vorgestellten Aspekten der GeoHumanities. Ausgangspunkte hierfĂŒr sind die Projekte und Publikationen der Vortragenden. Das Dokument ist Teil der Schriftenreihe „GeoBib Dokumentation“, welche die im Laufe des Projekts "GeoBib" entstehenden internen Reports umfasst und somit die fortlaufenden Projektarbeiten dokumentiert. Ziel des Projekts GeoBib ist es, die frĂŒhen Texte der deutsch- bzw. polnischsprachigen Holocaust- und Lagerliteratur von 1933 bis 1949 zu erfassen und deren bibliographische Angaben (ohne Volltexte) in einer Online-Datenbank bereit zu stellen. So können diese frĂŒhen Texte, die in weiten Teilen aus dem kulturellen und kollektiven GedĂ€chtnis verdrĂ€ngt wurden, fĂŒr die öffentliche, wissenschaftliche und didaktische Wahrnehmung erschlossen und aufbereitet werden. Die systematische Erfassung der bis 1949 publizierten Texte sowie die Anreicherung durch exemplarische Informationen zu den Verfassern, zu gegebenenfalls erschienenen Rezensionen und SekundĂ€rliteratur orientieren sich dabei an internationalen Annotationsstandards. Metadaten und Textinhalte (Orte, Lager, Gettos etc.) werden georeferenziert, d.h. anhand von Kartenmaterial verortet und in einem geographischen Informationssystem erfasst und dargestellt. Das zu entwickelnde Web-Portal soll dabei – neben der bibliographischen Suche – auch ĂŒber geographische Karten gezielt Texte zu einer bestimmten Region auffindbar machen. Dabei sollen Abfragemöglichkeiten nach rĂ€umlichen Kriterien und bibliographischen Attributen kombinierbar sein

    Comparison between two procedures of interproximal cleaning in periodontitis patients: a six month, single blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

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    Purpose: Periodontitis generally initiates in the interdental area, where biofilm development is difficult to interrupt. Mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes (IDB) offers an effective method for plaque control and prevents gingivitis and periodontitis. This study aimed to determine whether mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes combined with the use of cetylpyridinium chloride (0.3% CPC) gel was more effective at plaque control compared with mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes alone. Materials and Methods: Forty individuals (30 - 70 years) with at least 20 teeth and moderate chronic periodontitis who had no experience with interdental cleaning aids were randomly assigned to a treatment group (brush + gel, n = 20) or a control group (brush, n = 20). Both groups were examined by a dentist at baseline and at 3 and 6 months for changes in interdental plaque [interproximal plaque index (API)] levels, gingival inflammation [sulcus bleeding index (SBI)], probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Results: No baseline differences in age, gender, or number of teeth were observed between the two groups. During the study period, improvements in API and BOP were comparable between groups. However, improvements in SBI and PD were significantly greater in the test group than in the control group (P = 0.046 and P = 0.029, respectively). Conclusion: Mechanical interdental plaque control with interdental brushes combined with the use of CPC gel significantly improved 6-month gingival and periodontal outcomes (SBI and PD) compared with mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes alone

    Practical issues of implementing a hybrid multi-NIC wireless mesh-network

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    Testbeds are a powerful tool to study wireless mesh and sensor networks as close as possible to real world application scenarios. In contrast to simulation or analytical approaches these installations face various kinds of environment parameters. Challenges related to the shared physical medium, operating system, and used hardware components do arise. In this technical report about the work-in-progress Distributed Embedded Systems testbed of 100 routers deployed at the Freie UniversitÀt Berlin we focis on the software architecture and give and introduction to the network protocol stack of the Linux kernel. Furthermore, we discuss our first experiences with a pilot network setup, the encountered problems and the achieved solutions. This writing continues our first publication and builds upon the discussed overall testbed architecture, our experiment methodology, and aspired research objectives

    Collaborating with Generative AI: Exploring Algorithm Appreciation in Creative Writing

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    Generative AI (GenAI) has recently attracted a tremendous amount of public attention showcasing the transformational capacity that AI-based systems have on society. By generating creative outputs in multimodal formats like texts and images, GenAI is entering domains formerly seen exclusive to human ingenuity. This raises concerns about how working with AI-based systems will affect employees. Existing research on human-AI collaboration is focusing on objective decision-making settings. We contribute to the growing IS research stream that considers AI collaboration on creative tasks. In particular, we conduct an online experiment to see whether employees appreciate GenAI-generated creative texts and how personality traits affect this interaction. We find that getting input from GenAI rather than a colleague relates to fewer modifications performed to the draft. This relationship is moderated by conscientiousness suggesting that conscientious employees are less inclined to accept suggestions and hence may not gain as much from GenAI tools
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