Theoretical calculations that determine the stability of the knife holder milling tool on a support sliding in the process of operation

In this regard at department of woodworking machines and tools the mill which has an opportunity to change the angles of cutting and an axial corner at the same time is designed and made. It will allow to reduce power by cutting, to increase quality of the processed sur-face and to increase the period of firmness of the tool.На кафедре деревообрабатывающих станков и инструментов спроектирована и изготовлена фреза, у которой есть возможность изменять углы резания и осевой угол одновременно. Это позволит уменьшить мощность на резание, повысить качество обработанной поверхности и увеличить период стойкости инструмента

Hyb-Seq: Combining target enrichment and genome skimming for plant phylogenomics

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hyb-Seq, the combination of target enrichment and genome skimming allows simultaneous data collection for low-copy nuclear genes and high-copy genomic targets for plant systematics and evolution studies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genome and transcriptome assemblies for milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) were utilized to design enrichment probes for 3385 exons from 768 genes (>1.6 Mbp) followed by Illumina sequencing of enriched libraries. Hyb-Seq of twelve individuals (ten Asclepias species and two related genera) resulted in at least partial assembly of 92.6% of exons and 99.7% of genes and an average assembly length >2 Mbp. Importantly, complete plastomes and nrDNA cistrons were assembled using off-target reads. Phylogenomic analyses demonstrated signal conflict between genomes. CONCLUSIONS: The Hyb-Seq approach enables targeted sequencing of thousands of low-copy nuclear exons and flanking regions, as well as genome skimming of high-copy repeats and organellar genomes, to efficiently produce genome-scale datasets for phylogenomics.This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is in press and will be published in Applications in Plant Sciences, Vol. 2, no. 9, September 2014.Keywords: Genome skimming, Hyb-Seq, Target enrichment, Phylogenomics, Species tree, Nuclear lociKeywords: Genome skimming, Hyb-Seq, Target enrichment, Phylogenomics, Species tree, Nuclear loc

Phylogenetic marker development for target enrichment from transcriptome and genome skim data: the pipeline and its application in southern African Oxalis (Oxalidaceae)

Phylogenetics benefits from using a large number of putatively independent nuclear loci and their combination with other sources of information, such as the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. To facilitate the selection of orthologous low‐copy nuclear (LCN) loci for phylogenetics in nonmodel organisms, we created an automated and interactive script to select hundreds of LCN loci by a comparison between transcriptome and genome skim data. We used our script to obtain LCN genes for southern African Oxalis (Oxalidaceae), a speciose plant lineage in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. This resulted in 1164 LCN genes greater than 600 bp. Using target enrichment combined with genome skimming (Hyb‐Seq), we obtained on average 1141 LCN loci, nearly the whole plastid genome and the nrDNA cistron from 23 southern African Oxalis species. Despite a wide range of gene trees, the phylogeny based on the LCN genes was very robust, as retrieved through various gene and species tree reconstruction methods as well as concatenation. Cytonuclear discordance was strong. This indicates that organellar phylogenies alone are unlikely to represent the species tree and stresses the utility of Hyb‐Seq in phylogenetics

Spatial effects, sampling errors, and task specialization in the honey bee

Task allocation patterns should depend on the spatial distribution of work within the nest, variation in task demand, and the movement patterns of workers, however, relatively little research has focused on these topics. This study uses a spatially explicit agent based model to determine whether such factors alone can generate biases in task performance at the individual level in the honey bees, Apis mellifera. Specialization (bias in task performance) is shown to result from strong sampling error due to localized task demand, relatively slow moving workers relative to nest size, and strong spatial variation in task demand. To date, specialization has been primarily interpreted with the response threshold concept, which is focused on intrinsic (typically genotypic) differences between workers. Response threshold variation and sampling error due to spatial effects are not mutually exclusive, however, and this study suggests that both contribute to patterns of task bias at the individual level. While spatial effects are strong enough to explain some documented cases of specialization; they are relatively short term and not explanatory for long term cases of specialization. In general, this study suggests that the spatial layout of tasks and fluctuations in their demand must be explicitly controlled for in studies focused on identifying genotypic specialists

Repeatedly Northwards and Upwards: Southern African Grasslands Fuel the Colonization of the African Sky Islands in Helichrysum (Compositae)

The Afromontane and Afroalpine areas constitute some of the main biodiversity hotspots of Africa. They are particularly rich in plant endemics, but the biogeographic origins and evolutionary processes leading to this outstanding diversity are poorly understood. We performed phylogenomic and biogeographic analyses of one of the most species-rich plant genera in these mountains, Helichrysum (Compositae-Gnaphalieae). Most previous studies have focused on Afroalpine elements of Eurasian origin, and the southern African origin of Helichrysum provides an interesting counterexample. We obtained a comprehensive nuclear dataset from 304 species (≈50% of the genus) using target-enrichment with the Compositae1061 probe set. Summary-coalescent and concatenation approaches combined with paralog recovery yielded congruent, well-resolved phylogenies. Ancestral range estimations revealed that Helichrysum originated in arid southern Africa, whereas the southern African grasslands were the source of most lineages that dispersed within and outside Africa. Colonization of the tropical Afromontane and Afroalpine areas occurred repeatedly throughout the Miocene-Pliocene. This timing coincides with mountain uplift and the onset of glacial cycles, which together may have facilitated both speciation and intermountain gene flow, contributing to the evolution of the Afroalpine flora.This work received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2019-105583GB-C22/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the Catalan government (“Ajuts a grups consolidats” 2021SGR00315 and FI grant to C.B.-G. 2022FI_B 00150). The Ph.D. thesis was carried out under the Ph.D. program “Plant Biology and Biotechnology” of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). Additional support was provided by the Czech Science Foundation GAČR project no. 20-10878S to R.S. and F.K. and long-term research development project (RVO 67985939) of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Additional funds were obtained from the Norwegian Programme for Development, Research and Higher Education (NUFU; project AFROALP-II, no 2007/1058) and the Research Council of Norway (project SpeciationClock, no 274607) to C.B.Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Taxon Sampling 2.2. DNA Extraction, Library Preparation, Target Capture, and Sequencing 2.3. Molecular Data Processing and Phylogenetic Analyses 2.4. Divergence Time Estimation 2.5. Ancestral Range Estimation 3. Results 3.1. Alignment Processing and Filtering 3.2. Phylogenetic Analyses 3.3. Divergence Time and Ancestral Range Estimation 3.4. Number, Type, and Directionality Estimation of Biogeographical Events 4. Discussion 4.1. Utility of Target-Enrichment Strategies in Reconstructing the Radiation of Helichrysum 4.2. The Early History of Helichrysum and Colonization of Madagascar 4.3. Repeatedly Northwards 4.4. Repeatedly Upwards 5. Conclusions Supplementary Materials Author Contributions Funding Data Availability Statement Acknowledgments Conflicts of Interest Reference

System for deployment of groups of unmanned micro aerial vehicles in GPS-denied environments using onboard visual relative localization

A complex system for control of swarms of micro aerial vehicles (MAV), in literature also called as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or unmanned aerial systems (UAS), stabilized via an onboard visual relative localization is described in this paper. The main purpose of this work is to verify the possibility of self-stabilization of multi-MAV groups without an external global positioning system. This approach enables the deployment of MAV swarms outside laboratory conditions, and it may be considered an enabling technique for utilizing fleets of MAVs in real-world scenarios. The proposed visual-based stabilization approach has been designed for numerous different multi-UAV robotic applications (leader-follower UAV formation stabilization, UAV swarm stabilization and deployment in surveillance scenarios, cooperative UAV sensory measurement) in this paper. Deployment of the system in real-world scenarios truthfully verifies its operational constraints, given by limited onboard sensing suites and processing capabilities. The performance of the presented approach (MAV control, motion planning, MAV stabilization, and trajectory planning) in multi-MAV applications has been validated by experimental results in indoor as well as in challenging outdoor environments (e.g., in windy conditions and in a former pit mine)

Complexity Explained

This is the final version. Available on open access at OSF via the DOI in this recordBooklet of the Complexity Explained projec

Mycoplasma hyorhinis-contaminated cell lines activate primary innate immune cells via a protease-sensitive factor

Mycoplasma are a frequent and occult contaminant of cell cultures, whereby these prokaryotic organisms can modify many aspects of cell physiology, rendering experiments that are conducted with such contaminated cells problematic. Chronic Mycoplasma contamination in human monocytic cells lines has been associated with suppressed Toll-like receptor (TLR) function. In contrast, we show here that components derived from a Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell line can activate innate immunity in non-infected primary immune cells. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 by dendritic cells in response to Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell components was critically dependent on the adapter protein MyD88 but only partially on TLR2. Unlike canonical TLR2 signaling that is triggered in response to the detection of Mycoplasma infection, innate immune activation by components of Mycoplasma-infected cells was inhibited by chloroquine treatment and sensitive to protease treatment. We further show that in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, soluble factors from Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cells induce the production of large amounts of IFN-α. We conclude that Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell lines release protein factors that can potently activate co-cultured innate immune cells via a previously unrecognized mechanism, thus limiting the validity of such co-culture experiments