Quinoa phenotyping methodologies: An international consensus

Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally.Fil: Stanschewski, Clara S.. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Rey, Elodie. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Fiene, Gabriele. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Craine, Evan B.. Washington State University; Estados UnidosFil: Wellman, Gordon. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Melino, Vanessa J.. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Patiranage, Dilan S. R.. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Johansen, Kasper. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Schmöckel, Sandra M.. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Bertero, Hector Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Cátedra de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Oakey, Helena. University of Adelaide; AustraliaFil: Colque Little, Carla. Universidad de Copenhagen; DinamarcaFil: Afzal, Irfan. University of Agriculture; PakistánFil: Raubach, Sebastian. The James Hutton Institute; Reino UnidoFil: Miller, Nathan. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Streich, Jared. Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Amby, Daniel Buchvaldt. Universidad de Copenhagen; DinamarcaFil: Emrani, Nazgol. Christian-albrechts-universität Zu Kiel; AlemaniaFil: Warmington, Mark. Agriculture And Food; AustraliaFil: Mousa, Magdi A. A.. Assiut University; Arabia Saudita. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia SauditaFil: Wu, David. Shanxi Jiaqi Agri-Tech Co.; ChinaFil: Jacobson, Daniel. Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Andreasen, Christian. Universidad de Copenhagen; DinamarcaFil: Jung, Christian. Christian-albrechts-universität Zu Kiel; AlemaniaFil: Murphy, Kevin. Washington State University; Estados UnidosFil: Bazile, Didier. Savoirs, Environnement, Sociétés; Francia. Universite Paul-valery Montpellier Iii; FranciaFil: Tester, Mark. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Arabia Saudit

Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus

Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally

Produktivitätsbegrenzende Faktoren in der Umformtechnik

Um Einsparungspotentiale erkennen und effizient ausnutzen zu können, müssen die Zusammenhänge zwischen den einzelnen Produktionsfaktoren und deren Einfluß auf die Produktivität des Gesamtsystems betrachtet werden. Zu diesem Thema wurde eine Studie durchgeführt. Das Ziel dabei war, die einzelnen technischen und organisatorischen Einflußgrößen, welche die Produktivität einer umformtechnischen Fertigung begrenzen, systematisch zu untersuchen und im Hinblick auf mögliche Verbesserungspotentiale zu analysieren

Validation of suitable genes for normalization of diurnal gene expression studies in Chenopodium quinoa.

Quinoa depicts high nutritional quality and abiotic stress resistance, attracting strong interest in the last years. To unravel the function of candidate genes for agronomically relevant traits, studying their transcriptional activities by RT-qPCR is an important experimental approach. The accuracy of such experiments strongly depends on precise data normalization. To date, validation of potential candidate genes for normalization of diurnal expression studies has not been performed in C. quinoa. We selected eight candidate genes based on transcriptome data and literature survey, including conventionally used reference genes. We used three statistical algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm and NormFinder) to test their stability and added further validation by a simulation-based strategy. We demonstrated that using different reference genes, including those top ranked by stability, causes significant differences among the resulting diurnal expression patterns. Our results show that isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme (IDH-A) and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) are suitable genes to normalize diurnal expression data of two different quinoa accessions. Moreover, we validated our reference genes by normalizing two known diurnally regulated genes, BTC1 and BBX19. The validated reference genes obtained in this study will improve the accuracy of RT-qPCR data normalization and facilitate gene expression studies in quinoa

Different NaCl-induced calcium signatures in the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Col-0 and C24.

A common feature of stress signalling pathways are alterations in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]cyt), which allow the specific and rapid transmission of stress signals through a plant after exposure to a stress, such as salinity. Here, we used an aequorin based bioluminescence assay to compare the NaCl-induced changes in [Ca2+]cyt of the Arabidopsis ecotypes Col-0 and C24. We show that C24 lacks the NaCl specific component of the [Ca2+]cyt signature compared to Col-0. This phenotypic variation could be exploited as a screening methodology for the identification of yet unknown components in the early stages of the salt signalling pathway

Amplitude of the first [Ca²⁺]_cyt peak from luminometric measurements of Col-0 and C24 in response to [NaCl] and [sorbitol] treatment.

<p>The 13 d to 15 d old Col-0 (square symbol) and C24 (triangular symbol) seedlings constitutively expressing <i>aequorin</i> were treated with a range of NaCl and corresponding equal osmotic strength of sorbitol concentrations (which can be approximated to 2 times [NaCl]). Each point represents the average peak height of the first [Ca²⁺]_cyt peak of three replicates, error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (S.E.M.).</p

Jackknifed posterior probability that each individual stimulus belongs to an ecotype group defined in Fig. 2 B.

<p>Jackknifed posterior probability that each individual stimulus belongs to an ecotype group defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117564#pone.0117564.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2 B</a>.</p

Amplitude of the first [Ca²⁺]_cyt peak from luminometric measurements of Col-0 and C24 in response to [NaCl] and [sorbitol] treatment.

<p>The 13 d to 15 d old Col-0 (square symbol) and C24 (triangular symbol) seedlings constitutively expressing <i>aequorin</i> were treated with a range of NaCl and corresponding equal osmotic strength of sorbitol concentrations (which can be approximated to 2 times [NaCl]). Each point represents the average peak height of the first [Ca²⁺]_cyt peak of three replicates, error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (S.E.M.).</p

Luminometric measurements of whole Arabidopsis seedlings, constitutively expressing <i>aequorin</i>.

<p>Alterations of [Ca²⁺]_cyt induced by (A) 200 mM NaCl, (B) 400 mM sorbitol, (C) 9°C cold treatment or (D) base solution in ecotype Col-0 and (E) 200 mM NaCl, (F) 400 mM sorbitol, (G) 9°C cold treatment or (H) base solution in ecotype C24. Each panel contains data from three to six representative individual seedlings. Stimulus (stress) was applied at time point 0.</p