Geschichte der Theorie und Praxis der Wundheilung und Wundbehandlung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts

Theorie der Wundheilung und Praxis der Wundbehandlung werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart in ihrem historischen Kontext analysiert. Die wechselseitigen Einflüsse der Theorie und Praxis kommen hierbei zur Darstellung. Schwerpunkt der Antike und des Mittelalters ist das Konzept "pus bonum et laudabile". Anhand der Renaissance und Neuzeit wird die allmähliche Ablösung des antiken Wundheilungsmodells durch eine naturwissenschaftlich fundierte Wundheilungstheorie nachvollzogen. Diese Entwicklung war grundlegend für die Einführung der Antisepsis, Asepsis und Antibiotika. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Geschichte pflanzlicher Wundheilmittel. Schließlich wird der derzeitige wissenschaftliche Stand der Wundheilungstheorie und der Wundversorgung historisch hergeleitet dargestellt. Die Arbeit enthält ein aktuelles Literaturverzeichnis zur Geschichte der Wundheilung und Wundbehandlung. Theory of wound healing and wound healing practice are analysed from ancient to modern times in their historical context with special regards to the 19th. and 20th. century. Mutual influences of theory and practice are shown. The concept of "good and laudable pus" is a main theme in ancient and medieval times. A description of the replacement of the ancient wound healing model by a scientifically based theory of wound healing during Renaissance and modern times is given. This process was a condition for the development of antisepsis, asepsis and antibiotics. The history of herbal wound healing remedies is another focus. Finally the current scientific theory of wound healing and wound healing practice and their historical origins are described. This work includes an up-to-date bibliography about the history of wound healing and wound treatment

Near edge X-ray absorption mass spectrometry of gas phase proteins:the influence of protein size

Multiply protonated peptides and proteins in the gas phase can respond to near edge X-ray absorption in three different ways: (i) non dissociative ionization and ionization accompanied by loss of small neutrals, both known to dominate for proteins with masses in the 10 kDa range. (ii) Formation of immonium ions, dominating for peptides in the 1 kDa range. (iii) Backbone scission leading to sequence ions which is typically weaker and has mainly been observed for peptides in the 1 kDa range. We have studied carbon 1s photoexcitation and photoionization for a series of peptides and proteins with masses covering the range from 0.5 kDa to more than 10 kDa. The gas phase protonated molecules were trapped in a radiofrequency ion trap and exposed to synchrotron radiation. Time of flight mass spectrometry was employed for investigation of the photoionization and photofragmentation processes. A smooth transition from the photofragmentation regime to the non-dissociative photoionization regime is observed. Mass spectra are most complex in the few kDa regime, where non-dissociative ionization, backbone scission and immonium ion formation coexist. The observed correlation between protein size and fragmentation, i.e. radiation damage, is of relevance for soft X-ray microscopy

Molecular hydrogen formation on interstellar PAHs through Eley-Rideal abstraction reactions

We present experimental data on H2 formation processes on gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations. This process was studied by exposing coronene radical cations, confined in a radio-frequency ion trap, to gas phase H atoms. Sequential attachment of up to 23 hydrogen atoms has been observed. Exposure to atomic D instead of H allows one to distinguish attachment from competing abstraction reactions, as the latter now leave a unique fingerprint in the measured mass spectra. Modeling of the experimental results using realistic cross sections and barriers for attachment and abstraction yield a 1:2 ratio of abstraction to attachment cross sections. The strong contribution of abstraction indicates that H2 formation on interstellar PAH cations is an order of magnitude more relevant than previously thought

Hydrogenation of PAH cations:A first step towards H2 formation

Molecular hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe. A large fraction of H2 forms by association of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), where formation rates depend crucially on the H sticking probability. We have experimentally studied PAH hydrogenation by exposing coronene cations, confined in a radiofrequency ion trap, to gas phase atomic hydrogen. A systematic increase of the number of H atoms adsorbed on the coronene with the time of exposure is observed. Odd coronene hydrogenation states dominate the mass spectrum up to 11 H atoms attached. This indicates the presence of a barrier preventing H attachment to these molecular systems. For the second and fourth hydrogenation, barrier heights of 72 +- 6 meV and 40 +- 10 meV, respectively are found which is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the hydrogenation of neutral PAHs. Our experiments however prove that the barrier does not vanish for higher hydrogenation states. These results imply that PAH cations, as their neutral counterparts, exist in highly hydrogenated forms in the interstellar medium. Due to this catalytic activity, PAH cations and neutrals seem to contribute similarly to the formation of H2.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter: Astrophysical Journal LET30123R 201

Grundsteine zur Züchtung Marssonina coronaria-robuster Apfelsorte

Seit 2010 fallen in vielen europäischen Apfelanbaugebieten einzelne Bäume oder ganze Anlagen durch einen vorzeitigen Blattfall auf. Biologisch bewirtschaftete Apfelanlagen sind dabei häufiger von dieser Pilzkrankheit betroffen als integrierte. Im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit wurde versucht, dem Pilz auf die Spur zu kommen und die Grundsteine für die Resistenzzüchtung zu legen

Chancen und Grenzen der Biofumigation für die Bekämpfung pflanzenparasitärer Nematoden

Biofumigation is considered a promising nematode control alternative. In vitro tests confirmed the high nematicidal properties of isothiocyanates, the driving compounds of biofumigation. Its potential under temperate climate conditions was tested on a commercial farm. The tested biofumigation treatments reduced population densities of Pratylenchus spp. but had little effect on Meloidogyne hapla. The latter was most likely due to the good status of the tested varieties. To further optimize the biofumigation system non-host crops with high concentration of glucosinolates have to be selected

Rye (Secale cereale L.) for biogas production – Breeding capability

In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde divergentes Roggenmaterial (Populationssorten mit Körner- und Grünschnittnutzung, Hybriden, aktuelles Zuchtmaterial, Tetraploider Roggen, pflanzengenetische Ressourcen (PGR)) in einem zweijährigen Anbau anhand seiner Biomasseleistung auf seine Eignung zur energetischen Nutzung von Roggen überprüft, die erfassten agronomischen Merkmale wurden auf ihre Relevanz für die Biomasse­bildung beurteilt, verschiedene Schnittzeitpunkte zur Biomassenutzung untersucht und über einen NIRS-Ansatz Aussagen über das Gasbildungsvermögen der untersuchten Roggenformen getroffen. Für die Merkmale Gesamttrockenmasseertrag (GTM-Ertrag) und Biogasausbeute zu zwei Grünschnitt-Zeitpunkten – Mitte Ährenschieben und Milchreife – sowie Kornertrag lagen im untersuchten Material signifikante genotypische Varianzen vor. Bei den Grünschnitten 1 und 2 betrugen die mittleren GTM-Erträge 70,1 und 131,9 dt/ha. Grünschnittroggen-Sorten erwiesen sich im 1. Grünschnitt und Hybriden im 2. Grünschnitt als über­legen, wogegen in der Testkreuzungsleistung beim 2. Grünschnitt mehrere Grünschnittroggen und PGRs sowie eine Populationssorte die höchsten GTM-Erträge zeigten. Bei den Grünschnitten 1 und 2 sowie dem Kornertrag ergaben sich beachtliche Heterosiszuwächse von durchschnittlich 9,3%, 11,6% bzw. 32,3%. Bedeutsame Merkmale für die Biomasseproduktion (Wuchshöhe, Termin Ährenschieben, TS-Gehalt) wurden identifiziert und deren Korrelationen berechnet. Die für das Gasbildungsvermögen wesentlichen Inhaltstoffe konnten mittels NIRS-Untersuchungen quantifiziert und die Biogas­ausbeute rechnerisch bestimmt werden. Korrelationen zwischen dem GTM-Ertrag, der Biogasausbeute und dem Ligningehalt wurden ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse unter­streichen das hohe Biomassepotenzial verschiedener Roggen-Materialgruppen für die Bioenergienutzung.The focal points of the present investigation were to examine the suitability of different rye forms (population varieties with forage grain use, hybrids, current breeding material, tetraploid rye, plant genetic resources) for biomass production, to identify the ideal growing stage for harvesting the biomass of these rye forms, to identify relevant traits for biomass production and to estimate their potential of gas production by NIRS analysis. In a two-year trial, significant genetic variances in both the population per se (pps) performance and the testcross performance were demonstrated for total dry matter (TDM) yield at cutting dates 1 and 2 as well as for grain yield. At cutting dates 1 and 2 the average yields amounted to 70.1 and 131.9 dt/ha TDM, respectively. Forage rye materials were superior with regard to TDM yield at cutting date 1 while forage rye, plant genetic resources and a population variety achieved the highest TDM yield at cutting date 2 in the testcross performance. The heterotic increase averaged a substantial level of 9.3%, 11.6% and 32.3% at cutting dates 1 and 2 and for grain yield, respectively. Traits with high relevance for biomass production were identified (height, date of ear emergence, dry mass content) and correlations were calculated. The biogas production of the rye entries was assessed by quantifying the essential ingredients for biogas production via NIRS. Correlations between the TDM yield, the biogas production and the content of lignin were determined. The high capability of different rye forms for bioenergy recovery was underlined

Mass Spectral Signatures of Complex Post-Translational Modifications in Proteins: A Proof-of-Principle Based on X-ray Irradiated Vancomycin

Characterizing post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins is of key relevance for the understanding of many biological processes, as these covalent modifications strongly influence or even determine protein function. Among the different analytical techniques available, mass spectrometry is attracting growing attention because recent instrumental and computational improvements have led to a massive rise of the number of PTM sites that can be identified and quantified. However, multiple PTM occurring at adjacent amino acid residues can lead to complex and dense chemical patterns that are a challenge to characterize. By means of X-ray synchrotron radiation coupled to mass spectrometry, and through the test-case of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, we show that such a pattern has a unique and robust signature in terms of photon energy and molecular environment. This highlights the potential of this technique in proteomics and its value as a tool to understand the biological roles of PTM