Estimación de abundancia de tunina overa en el sector oriental del Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile = Abundance estimation of Commerson’s dolphin in the eastern area of the Strait of Magallan-Chile

Abundance of Commerson‘s dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacépède 1804), in the eastern portion of the Strait of Magellan was estimated by means of aerial transects in autumn (June 1996). Using a helicopter at 100 m altitude and 129 km h-1, 58 sightings representing 98 animals (average group size Es = 1.7, SD = 0.13) along 818.6 km of linear transects were recorded. Data analysis with "Distance" software gave a density estimation of 0.34 ind km-2 (CV = 0.27) and a population size of 1,206 (95% CI 711-2,049 individuals). Commerson’s dolphin showed a habitat preference for the narrows, compared to open waters in the study area

Genetic parameters and selection for casein content in Italian Holstein and Brown Swiss.

A total of more than 2,000,000 records on casein contents were collected in Lombardia (Italy) during routine milk recording of Italian Holstein and Brown Swiss dairy cows. Variance components for casein were estimated as well as all the genetic correlations of casein with production and type traits considered in selection. According to the heritabilities estimated (12.4% for Brown and 9.36% for Holstein), breeding values were calculated for bulls and compared to the breeding values for total protein. The results of two different selection scenarios were compared for each breed when including protein or casein as selection criterion. Genetic progress expected for all traits selected were compared after 10 years of selection. The genetic variability of casein allows the use of this trait as selection criterion with the estimation of breeding values and its inclusion in selection indexes. Ranking of breeding values for casein and protein are very similar in both breeds. But some differences in genetic values for casein exist for the same level of breeding value for protein. Nevertheless results in genetic gain differ between breeds depending mainly on genetic correlations with the other traits selected. The positive results in selection response estimated for several traits suggest to the Brown Swiss Association the replacement of protein selection with casein. In contrast the smaller effects estimated for the Italian Holstein suggest to wait for more casein data collected before any change in selection program

Identification and validation of copy number variants in Italian Brown Swiss dairy cattle using Illumina Bovine SNP50 Beadchip®

The determination of copy number variation (CNV) is very important for the evaluation of genomic traits in several species because they are a major source for the genetic variation, influencing gene expression, phenotypic variation, adaptation and the development of diseases. The aim of this study was to obtain a CNV genome map using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip data of 651 bulls of the Italian Brown Swiss breed. PennCNV and SVS7 (Golden Helix) software were used for the detection of the CNVs and Copy Number Variation Regions (CNVRs). A total of 5,099 and 1,289 CNVs were identified with PennCNV and SVS7 software, respectively. These were grouped at the population level into 1101 (220 losses, 774 gains, 107 complex) and 277 (185 losses, 56 gains and 36 complex) CNVR. Ten of the selected CNVR were experimentally validated with a qPCR experiment. The GO and pathway analyses were conducted and they identified genes (false discovery rate corrected) in the CNVR related to biological processes cellular component, molecular function and metabolic pathways. Among those, we found the FCGR2B, PPAR\u3b1, KATNAL1, DNAJC15, PTK2, TG, STAT family, NPM1, GATA2, LMF1, ECHS1 genes, already known in literature because of their association with various traits in cattle. Although there is variability in the CNVRs detection across methods and platforms, this study allowed the identification of CNVRs in Italian Brown Swiss, overlapping those already detected in other breeds and finding additional ones, thus producing new knowledge for association studies with traits of interest in cattle

Eradication of invasive species: science, attitude and understanding. The beaver in Tierra del Fuego

El manejo de especies invasoras presenta desafíos, que incluyen la necesidad de generar conocimiento aplicado y capacidades de gestión, así como modificar actitudes y comportamientos de la sociedad. El caso de la especie invasora castor canadiense, Castor canadensis, ejemplifica enfoques que pueden aplicarse para tratar otras especies invasoras. Repasamos la historia de manejo del castor y el cambio de enfoque que derivó en un acuerdo binacional inédito para restaurar los ecosistemas afectados por la especie mediante su erradicación, acuerdo que avanza mediante un proceso de generación de capacidades y escalamiento en la complejidad del trabajo, desde áreas piloto hacia todo el rango de distribución actual de la especie. Destacamos cómo la investigación aporta al manejo del castor, presentando detalles de la investigación en marcha en algunos ejes principales: 1) la factibilidad de erradicar en áreas piloto; 2) la estimación de tasas vitales y de dispersión y la construcción de modelos predictivos de expansión de la invasión, y 3) la determinación de criterios objetivos para declarar la erradicación del castor en sectores bajo manejo. La generación de capacidades es crucial para este complejo proceso. La construcción del capital social necesario para manejar el problema requiere de un diálogo continuo entre los diversos sectores involucrados y la construcción de agendas consensuadas. El sector científico puede asistir este proceso, pero sin imponer agendas unilaterales, sino identificando y contribuyendo a resolver las preguntas correctas y entendiendo las particularidades de los demás sectores, la cultura de las organizaciones y los tiempos para dar respuestas prácticas para lograr conservación basada en ciencia.The management of invasive species involves several challenges, ranging from the need to generate applied knowledge and capacity building abilities to a change in perceptions and behaviors in society. The case of the invasive Canadian beaver, Castor canadensis, illustrates possible approaches to address other invasive species. We reviewed the management history of the beaver and the change of approach that led to an unprecedented bi-national agreement to restore the affected ecosystems by means of the eradication of the species. This agreement advances by means of a training process of capacity building and a gradual scaling in the complexity of the work, from pilot areas to the whole current distribution of the species. We highlight how scientific research contributes to the management of the species, presenting details of the ongoing research in three major areas: 1) feasibility of eradication in pilot areas; 2) assessment of vital and dispersion rates and building predictive models of the spread of the invasion, and 3) determination of objective criteria to declare beaver eradication in areas under management. Capacity building is critical for this complex process. Assembling the social capital needed to manage the problem requires a continuous dialogue and agreed agendas among various stakeholders. The scientific sector can assist in this process without imposing unilateral agendas, but identifying the right questions and understanding the particularities of other sectors, the culture of organizations and the time frames needed for practical responses to achieve science-based conservation.Fil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Carranza, M. L.. Secretaria de Desarrollo Sustentable y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Deferrari, Guillermo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Escobar, Julio Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Malmierca, Laura Margarita Elvira. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Pietrek, A.. University of Duke; Estados Unido

Long necks enhance and constrain foraging capacity in aquatic vertebrates

Highly specialized diving birds display substantial dichotomy in neck length with, for example, cormorants and anhingas having extreme necks, while penguins and auks have minimized necks. We attached acceleration loggers to Imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps and Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, both foraging in waters over the Patagonian Shelf, to examine the difference in movement between their respective heads and bodies in an attempt to explain this dichotomy. The penguins had head and body attitudes and movements that broadly concurred throughout all phases of their dives. By contrast, although the cormorants followed this pattern during the descent and ascent phases of dives, during the bottom (foraging) phase of the dive, the head angle differed widely from that of the body and its dynamism (measured using vectorial dynamic acceleration) was over four times greater. A simple model indicated that having the head on an extended neck would allow these cormorants to half the energy expenditure that they would expend if their body moved in the way their heads did. This apparently energy-saving solution is likely to lead to greater heat loss though and would seem tenable in slow-swimming species because the loss of streamlining that it engenders would make it detrimental for fast-swimming taxa such as penguins.Fil: Wilson, Rory P.. Swansea University; Reino UnidoFil: Gómez Laich, Agustina Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Sala, Juan Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Dell´Omo, Giacomo. Ornis Italica; ItaliaFil: Holton, Mark. Swansea University; Reino UnidoFil: Quintana, Flavio Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentin

Copy number variation in cattle breeds

Detecting all classes of genetic variation in livestock species, such as cattle, is a pre-requisite to studying their association to traits of interest. Copy Number Variations (CNVs) are classes of polymorphic DNA regions including deletions, duplications and insertions of DNA fragments of at least 0.5 kb to several Mb, that are copy number variable when compared to a reference genome. CNVs can be identified using various approaches, among those the SNP array data are low cost, dense coverage, and high throughput. The aim of this study was to obtain a consensus genome map of Copy Number Variable Regions (CNVRs) in the Brown Swiss (dataset of 192 bulls), Red Pied Valdostana (dataset of 143 bulls) and Finnish Ayrshire (dataset of 243 bulls) cattle breeds all genotyped on the Illumina Bovine HD BeadChip, and two SNP based CNV calling algorithms. Brown Swiss cattle originated in the Swiss Alps, kept as a triple purpose breed. Once imported in the US, it was mainly selected for increased milk production. The Valdostana Red Pied cattle is the most common autochthonous dual purpose breed in the region Valle d\u2019Aosta in Italy (13,000 animals in 2013, almost all of them registered in the Herd Book). The Finnish Ayrshire is the most common cattle in Finland. CNVs were called with the PennCNV and SVS7 software and were summarized to CNVRs at the population level as overlapping CNV calls within breed. PennCNV identified 2,377, 1,723 and 1,689 for the Italian Brown Swiss, the Red Pied Valdostana and the Finnish Ayrshire, respectively. SVS7 detected 370, 235 and 2,063 for the three cattle breeds. These regions were annotated with Ensembl v78 Bos taurus gene set (UMD3.1) and genomic regions harboring QTL for production and functional traits. The comparison among CNVRs here identified provided common regions in the breeds. The results of this study are a comprehensive genomic analysis of cattle CNVs derived from SNP data, which will be a valuable genomic variation resource and will enrich the bovine CNV map in the cattle genome, providing new information for association studies with traits included in the selection programs