ENSEMBLE CLASSIFICATION BASED MICROARRAY GENE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

Data mining plays an important role in the process of classifying between the normal and the cancerous samples by utilizing microarray gene data. As this classification process is related to the human lives, greater sensitivity and specificity rates are mandatory. Taking this challenge into account, this work presents a technique to classify between the normal and cancerous samples by means of efficient feature selection and classification. The process of feature selection is achieved by Information Gain Ratio (IGR) and the selected features are forwarded to the classification process, which is achieved by ensemble classification. The classifiers being employed to attain ensemble classification are k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). The performance of the proposed approach is analysed with respect to three different datasets such as Leukemia, Colon and Breast cancer in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The experimental results prove that the proposed work shows better results, when compared to the existing techniques

Linearized gravity as a gauge theory

We discuss linearized gravity from the point of view of a gauge theory. In (3+1)-dimensions our analysis allows to consider linearized gravity in the context of the MacDowell-Mansouri formalism. Our observations may be of particular interest in the strong-weak coupling duality for linearized gravity, in Randall-Sundrum brane world scenario and in Ashtekar formalism.Comment: Latex, 13 page

Rotations associated with Lorentz boosts

It is possible to associate two angles with two successive non-collinear Lorentz boosts. If one boost is applied after the initial boost, the result is the final boost preceded by a rotation called the Wigner rotation. The other rotation is associated with Wigner's O(3)-like little group. These two angles are shown to be different. However, it is shown that the sum of these two rotation angles is equal to the angle between the initial and final boosts. This relation is studied for both low-speed and high-speed limits. Furthermore, it is noted that the two-by-two matrices which are under the responsibility of other branches of physics can be interpreted in terms of the transformations of the Lorentz group, or vice versa. Classical ray optics is mentioned as a case in point.Comment: LaTeX, 16 Pages, 4 epsfigure

Knowledge and attitudes about health research amongst a group of Pakistani medical students

Background Health research training is an important part of medical education. This study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding health research in a group of Pakistani medical students at Aga Khan University, Karachi. Methods It was a cross-sectional pilot study conducted among a group of Pakistani medical students. Through stratified random sampling, a pre-tested, structured and validated questionnaire was administered to 220 medical students. Knowledge and attitudes were recorded on a scale (graduated in percentages). Results Mean scores of students were 49.0% on knowledge scale and 53.7% on attitude scale. Both knowledge and attitudes improved significantly with increasing years of study in medical college [Regression coefficient 4.10 (p-value; 0.019) and 6.67 (p-value; \u3c 0.001) for knowledge and attitudes, respectively]. Conclusion Medical students demonstrate moderate level of knowledge and attitude towards health research. Intensive training in this regard is associated with significant improvement in knowledge and attitudes of students towards health research

Small-scale cosmic ray anisotropy observed by the GRAPES-3 experiment at TeV energies

GRAPES-3 is a mid-altitude (2200 m) and near equatorial ($11.4^{\circ}$ North) air shower array, overlapping in its field of view for cosmic ray observations with experiments that are located in Northern and Southern hemispheres. We analyze a sample of $3.7\times10^9$ cosmic ray events collected by the GRAPES-3 experiment between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2016 with a median energy of $\sim16$ TeV for study of small-scale ($<60^{\circ}$) angular scale anisotropies. We observed two structures labeled as A and B, deviate from the expected isotropic distribution of cosmic rays in a statistically significant manner. Structure `A' spans $50^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$ in the right ascension and $-15^{\circ}$ to $30^{\circ}$ in the declination coordinate. The relative excess observed in the structure A is at the level of $(6.5\pm1.3)\times10^{-4}$ with a statistical significance of 6.8 standard deviations. Structure `B' is observed in the right ascension range of $110^{\circ}$ to $140^{\circ}$. The relative excess observed in this region is at the level of $(4.9\pm1.4)\times10^{-4}$ with a statistical significance of 4.7 standard deviations. These structures are consistent with those reported by Milagro, ARGO-YBJ, and HAWC. These observations could provide a better understanding of the cosmic ray sources, propagation and the magnetic structures in our Galaxy

Risk factors for incident kidney disease in older adults: an Australian prospective population‐based study

Background We aimed to determine risk factors for incident CKD in a large population-based cohort. Methods This prospective opt-in population-based cohort study is based on the 45 and Up Study, where New South Wales residents aged ≥45 years were randomly sampled from the Services Australia enrolment database and agreed to complete the 45 and Up Study baseline questionnaire and have their responses linked to their health data in routinely-collected databases. The primary outcome was the development of incident CKD, defined as eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2. CKD incidence was calculated using Poisson regression. Risk factors for incident CKD were assessed using Cox regression in multivariable models. Results In 39,574 participants who did not have CKD at enrolment, independent factors associated with developing CKD included: older age, regional residence (HR 1.38 [1.27-1.50] for outer regional versus major city), smoking (1.13 [1.00-1.27] for current smoker versus non-smoker), obesity (1.25 [1.16-1.35] for obese versus normal body mass index), diabetes mellitus (1.41 [1.33-1.50]), hypertension (1.53 [1.44-1.62]), coronary heart disease (1.13 [1.07-1.20]), depression/anxiety (1.16 [1.09-1.24]), and cancer (1.29 [1.20-1.39]). Migrants were less likely to develop CKD compared with people born in Australia (0.88 [0.83-0.94]). Gender, partner status and socioeconomic factors were not independently associated with developing CKD. Conclusions This large population-based study found multiple modifiable and non-modifiable factors were independently associated with developing CKD. In the Australian setting, the risk of CKD was higher with regional residence. Differences according to socioeconomic status were predominantly explained by age, comorbidities and harmful health-related behaviours This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Genome-wide association study for type 2 diabetes in Indians identifies a new susceptibility locus at 2q21

Meta-AnalysisThis is the final version of the article. Available from the American Diabetes Association via the DOI in this record.Indians undergoing socioeconomic and lifestyle transitions will be maximally affected by epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of T2D in 12,535 Indians, a less explored but high-risk group. We identified a new type 2 diabetes-associated locus at 2q21, with the lead signal being rs6723108 (odds ratio 1.31; P = 3.32 × 10⁻⁹). Imputation analysis refined the signal to rs998451 (odds ratio 1.56; P = 6.3 × 10⁻¹²) within TMEM163 that encodes a probable vesicular transporter in nerve terminals. TMEM163 variants also showed association with decreased fasting plasma insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, indicating a plausible effect through impaired insulin secretion. The 2q21 region also harbors RAB3GAP1 and ACMSD; those are involved in neurologic disorders. Forty-nine of 56 previously reported signals showed consistency in direction with similar effect sizes in Indians and previous studies, and 25 of them were also associated (P < 0.05). Known loci and the newly identified 2q21 locus altogether explained 7.65% variance in the risk of T2D in Indians. Our study suggests that common susceptibility variants for T2D are largely the same across populations, but also reveals a population-specific locus and provides further insights into genetic architecture and etiology of T2D.The major funding for this work comes from Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India, in the form of the grant “Diabetes mellitus—New drug discovery R&D, molecular mechanisms, and genetic and epidemiological factors” (NWP0032-19). R.T. received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fogarty International Center and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health (D43-HD-065249)

Chromosomal-level assembly of the Asian Seabass genome using long sequence reads and multi-layered scaffolding

We report here the ~670 Mb genome assembly of the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), a tropical marine teleost. We used long-read sequencing augmented by transcriptomics, optical and genetic mapping along with shared synteny from closely related fish species to derive a chromosome-level assembly with a contig N50 size over 1 Mb and scaffold N50 size over 25 Mb that span ~90% of the genome. The population structure of L. calcarifer species complex was analyzed by re-sequencing 61 individuals representing various regions across the species' native range. SNP analyses identified high levels of genetic diversity and confirmed earlier indications of a population stratification comprising three clades with signs of admixture apparent in the South-East Asian population. The quality of the Asian seabass genome assembly far exceeds that of any other fish species, and will serve as a new standard for fish genomics