MEAN NUSSELT NUMBER CORRELATION FOR TISE HEATSINK THERMAL DESIGN

This work was developed from a review of the technical literature for the thermal design of parallel plates heat sinks with uniform cross section cooled by airflow with the TISE (Top Inlet Side Exit) configuration. Due to an observed lack of agreement of the literature correlations among themselves and also with the available experimental results, numerical simulations were then performed to evaluate the forced convective heat transfer in the channels of these heat sinks with the TISE configuration. The simulations encompassed a range of heatsink airflow rates, considering distinct channel sizes and also the effect of a partial opening for the airflow entrance at the heat sink top. The obtained numerical results were employed to evaluate the average convective heat transfer coefficient inside the heatsink’s channels, based on the flow mixed mean temperature. A new empirical correlation was then proposed for the average Nusselt number as a function of the airflow Reynolds number and three dimensionless channel geometric parameters. The new correlation was compared with available experimental data

ANALYSIS OF LAMINAR FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE A SQUARE VENTILATED CAVITY USING THE OPENFOAM®

Laminar forced convection inside a square cavity with inlet and outlet ports was numerically analyzed. The positions of the inlet and outlet ports were fixed and the ports sizes were equal 25% of the side wall. The influence of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers on the flow and temperature fields inside the cavity was verified for nine cases, with Re = 50, 100 and 500 and Pr = 0.7, 3 and 5. The heat transfer process in the cavity was analyzed from obtained values for the average Nusselt number and the local Nusselt number on the walls. The open source computer package OpenFOAM® was used for simulations considering a two-dimensional flow. For all tested Prandtl numbers, there is a growth in the rotating vortex regions as Reynolds number is increases. The temperature fields are directly related to the presence of the rotating vortices and the temperature gradient is more noticeable at the interface sections of the throughflow stream with the neighboring vortices and the next to the walls for greater Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. It was verified that the local Nusselt number on the walls varies radically with minimum and maximum points and it is dependent on the flow and temperature fields adjacent to the respective wall. The results for average Nusselt number per wall indicated that the bottom wall is the most susceptible to variations in its average Nusselt number and that the top wall present higher values of this parameter for all tested cases. Finally, the average Nusselt number was increased with increasing the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers indicating the enhanced thermal exchange

DIMENSIONLESS PHYSICAL-MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF TURBULENT NATURAL CONVECTION

Natural convection heat transfer is present in the most diverse applications of Thermal Engineering, such as in electronic equipment, transmission lines, cooling coils, biological systems, etc. The correct physical-mathematical modeling of this phenomenon is crucial in the applied understanding of its fundamentals and the design of thermal systems and related technologies. Dimensionless analyses can be applied in the study of flows to reduce geometric and experimental dependence and facilitate the modeling process and understanding of the main influence physical parameters; besides being used in creating models and prototypes. This work presents a methodology for dimensionless physical-mathematical modeling of natural convection turbulent flows over isothermal plates, located in an “infinite” open environment. A consolidated dimensionless physical-mathematical model was defined for the studied problem situation. The physical influence of the dimensionless numbers of Grashof, Prandtl, and Turbulent Prandtl was demonstrated. The use of the Theory of Dimensional Analysis and Similarity and its application as a tool and numerical device in the process of building and simplifying CFD simulations were discussed

Stem diameter growth rates in a fire-prone savanna correlate with photosynthetic rate and branch-scale biomass allocation, but not specific leaf area

Plant growth rates strongly determine ecosystem productivity and are a central element of plant ecological strategies. For laboratory and glasshouse‐grown seedlings, specific leaf area (SLA; ratio of leaf area to mass) is a key driver of interspecific variation in growth rate (GR). Consequently, SLA is often assumed to drive GR variation in field‐grown adult plants. However, there is an increasing evidence that this is not the general case. This suggests that GR – SLA relationships (and perhaps those for other traits) may vary depending on the age or size of the plants being studied. Here we investigated GR – trait relationships and their size dependence among 17 woody species from an open‐canopy, fire‐prone savanna in northern Australia. We tested the predictions that SLA and stem diameter growth rate would be positively correlated in saplings but unrelated in adults while, in both age classes, faster‐GR species would have higher light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat), higher leaf nutrient concentrations, higher branch‐scale biomass allocation to leaf versus stem tissues and lower wood density (WD). SLA showed no relationship to stem diameter GR, even in saplings, and the same was true of leaf N and P concentrations, and WD. However, branch‐scale leaf:stem allocation was strongly related to GR in both age groups, as was Asat. Together, these two traits accounted for up to 80% of interspecific variation in adult GR, and 41% of sapling GR. Asat is rarely measured in field‐based GR studies, and this is the first report of branch‐scale leaf:stem allocation (analogous to a benefit:cost ratio) in relation to plant growth rate. Our results suggest that we may yet find general trait‐drivers of field growth rates, but SLA will not be one

Serum DU-PAN-2 in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: influence of jaundice and liver dysfunction.

The usefulness of serum DU-PAN-2 in diagnosing pancreatic cancer and in distinguishing between this cancer and other benign and malignant diseases, and to assess the role of liver dysfunction in altering the serum levels of this marker were investigated. DU-PAN-2 was measured in the sera of 31 patients with pancreatic cancer, 32 with chronic pancreatitis, 20 with benign and 21 with malignant extra-pancreatic diseases. DU-PAN-2 was found to be above 300 U ml-1 in 21/31 patients with pancreatic cancer (sensitivity 68%). Only 3/32 patients with chronic pancreatitis had abnormal values. A substantial number of patients with both benign and malignant extra-pancreatic diseases had an elevated serum DU-PAN-2 (9/20 and 15/21, respectively). Correlations were found between DU-PAN-2 and (1) total bilirubin, (2) alanine-amino-transferase and (3) alkaline phosphatase. Of the patients with high DU-PAN-2 values, jaundice was found in: 2/3 with chronic pancreatitis, 9/10 with benign and 12/14 with malignant extra-pancreatic diseases. In conclusion, the serum DU-PAN-2 test for pancreatic malignancy is not completely satisfactory, because it is not sensitive enough. While the test for chronic pancreatitis has an acceptable specificity, the assay cannot distinguish between pancreatic cancer and other extra-pancreatic diseases, mainly of the liver and biliary tract. Liver dysfunction as well as jaundice seem to considerable affect the levels of this marker, as reported elsewhere for CA 19-9

Does silicon and salicylic acid contribute in the morphophysiology of Schinus terebinthifolia seedlings under flooding?

Abstract Flooding can damage the photosynthetic apparatus and initial growth of Schinus terebinthifolia. We aimed this study evaluates the potential of silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) as mitigating agents on the ecophysiological responses and initial growth of S. terebinthifolia subjected to flooding periods. Seedlings were grown under the following conditions: 1) control (non-flooded): daily irrigation, 2) Flooded (F): storage of seedlings in a 500 L plastic pool, keeping the water depth at ± 2.0 cm above the substrate level, 3) F + 1.0 mM Si, 4) F + 2.0 mM Si, 5) F + 1.5 mM SA, and 6) F + 3.0 mM SA, and evaluated to 15 and 30 days. We observed that flooded seedlings formed hypertrophied lenticels on the stem on the 7th day as a stress adjustment strategy. S. terebinthifolia is sensitive to flooding, although it maintains a stable gas exchange for up to 15 days in this condition. The applications of 1.0 mM Si mitigated the pronounced decrease of gas exchange by 30 days. Using 1.0 mM Si and 3.0 mM SA contributed for integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus and to photochemical activities in the reaction centers, in addition favors to higher seedling biomass and quality under flooding. Foliar application of Si and SA is promising practice for photosynthetic metabolic and initial growth of S. terebinthifolia seedlings under flooded stress

Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of haemoplasmas from cats infected with multiple species

AbstractMycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ (CMhm) and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ (CMt) are agents of feline haemoplasmosis and can induce anaemia in cats. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and phylogeny of haemoplasma species in cats from Brazil's capital and surrounding areas, and whether correlation with haematological abnormalities existed. Feline haemoplasmas were found in 13.8% of 432 cats. CMhm was the most prevalent species (in 13.8% of cats), followed by Mhf (11.1%) and CMt (4.4%). Over 80% of haemoplasma-infected cats harboured two or more feline haemoplasma species: 7.1% of cats were co-infected with Mhf/CMhm, 0.4% with CMhm/CMt and 3.9% with Mhf/CMhm/CMt. Male gender was significantly associated with haemoplasma infections. No association was found between qPCR haemoplasma status and haematological variables, however CMhm relative copy numbers were correlated with red blood cell (RBC) numbers and packed cell volume (PCV). Haemoplasma 16S rRNA gene sequences (>1Kb) were derived from co-infected cats using novel haemoplasma species-specific primers. This allowed 16S rRNA gene sequences to be obtained despite the high level of co-infection, which precluded the use of universal 16S rRNA gene primers. Within each species, the Mhf, CMhm and CMt sequences showed >99.8%, >98.5% and >98.8% identity, respectively. The Mhf, CMhm and CMt sequences showed >99.2%, >98.4% and >97.8% identity, respectively, with GenBank sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed all Mhf sequences to reside in a single clade, whereas the CMhm and CMt sequences each grouped into three distinct subclades. These phylogeny findings suggest the existence of different CMhm and CMt strains

Caracterização da plataforma e do talude continentais do Estado da Bahia, a partir da análise de agrupamento dos dados sedimentológicos e da microfauna de foraminíferos

This study aimed to characterize the continental shelf and slope of the State of Bahia, based on the multivariate analysis applied to sediments data and the foraminifers’ microfauna. Thirty-eight samples from the bottom sediment surface were analyzed, which were processed in accordance with the standard methodology for sediment studies (grain size and composition) and microfaunal analysis. From the sediment fraction used for the foraminifers’ micro fauna analysis, the first 300 tests were randomly sorted and identified. For the multivariate analysis, it was used species that have at the same time frequency of occurrence higher than 50% (constant) and relative frequency greater than 5% (major) in, at least, two samples. The methodology consisted in the application of the technique of multivariate grouping in which it was set the squared Euclidean distance defined as a metric formation of groups, applying the methods Ward’s and k-Means. A cluster analysis of species (R mode) was performed based on the absolute frequency data for each different bathymetric range. Then, a cluster analysis was applied between the samples (Q mode) based on the percent of sediment present in each sample. The dendograms data integration, generated by the multivariate analysis, revealed that siliciclastic sands predominate in the inner and middle continental shelves, carbonate gravelly sands dominated in the outer shelf and carbonate muddy sands were the major sediment type found in the continental slope. The distribution of Archaias angulatus and Peneroplis proteus was closely related to the occurrence of siliciclastic sands, while the Discorbis mira was associated with carbonate sands, and Cassidulina laevigata and Cibicides pseudoungerianus were associated to carbonate muddy sands. The distribution of Amphistegina lessonii, Amphistegina gibbosa and especially Peneroplis carinatus was associated with the sediments from the transition between siliciclastic and carbonate sands. The planktonic Globigerinoide ruber was particularly found in carbonate muddy sands located farther from the coast.Esse trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a plataforma e o talude continentais do Estado da Bahia, a partir da análise multivariada aplicada aos dados de sedimento e da microfauna de foraminíferos. Trinta e oito amostras de sedimento da superfície do fundo foram analisadas e processadas de acordo com a metodologia padrão para estudos sedimentológicos (granulometria e composição) e microfaunísticos. Na fração destinada à análise da microfauna de foraminíferos foram triadas e identificadas as primeiras trezentas testas. Para a realização da análise multivariada foram utilizadas as espécies que possuíam, ao mesmo tempo, frequência de ocorrência maior que 50 % (constantes) e frequência relativa maior que 5% (principais) em pelo menos duas amostras. A metodologia consistiu na aplicação da técnica de agrupamento em que foi definida a distância euclidiana ao quadrado como métrica de formação dos grupos, utilizando os métodos Ward e k-Médias. Uma análise de agrupamento das espécies (modo R) foi realizada, a partir dos dados de frequência absoluta, para os diferentes intervalos batimétricos. Em seguida, foi aplicada uma análise de agrupamento entre as amostras (modo Q), a partir dos teores de sedimento presentes em cada amostra. A integração dos dados, a partir dos dendrogramas gerados pela análise multivariada, revelou que nas plataformas interna e média predominou areia siliciclástica; na plataforma externa areia carbonática cascalhosa e no talude areia carbonática lamosa. As espécies Archaias angulatus e Peneroplis proteus, apresentaram distribuição estreitamente relacionada com areia siliciclástica, a distribuição de Discorbis mira esteve associada com areia carbonática e Cassidulina laevigata e Cibicides pseudoungerianus foram associadas com areia carbonática lamosa. Amphistegina lessonii, Amphistegina gibbosa e, principalmente, Peneroplis carinatus apresentaram distribuição relacionada com sedimentação em área de transição entre areia siliciclástica e areia carbonática. Globigerinoide ruber, planctônica, foi encontrada principalmente em sedimento do tipo areia carbonática lamosa, localizado mais distante da costa