44 research outputs found
Unveiling Naturalization. A Multilevel Study on Minority Proportion, Conservative Ideologies, and Attitudes Toward the Muslim Veil
A partir de uma "desnaturalização" do conceito de social, pretende-se situar as condições de possibilidade para a invenção da psicologia social. Utilizando uma estratégia genealógica, nosso objetivo é mostrar que, no lugar da psicologia explicar o social, é o próprio social que deve explicar o surgimento da psicologia moderna. Para tanto, é preciso deixar de considerar o social como sinônimo da noção de sociabilidade e passar a considerá-lo como algo essencialmente construído a partir de determinadas práticas humanas. Tal problematização permite entender como se produzem, no final do século XIX, as primeiras aproximações da psicologia moderna em direção ao social a partir das questões relacionadas ao fenômeno das multidões
Does survey respondents' immigrant background affect the measurement and prediction of immigration attitudes ? An illustration in two steps
While most survey research on immigration attitudes routinely excludes respondents with an immigrant background, empirical justifications for doing so are rarely provided. Yet it is crucial to examine whether respondents with an immigrant background can be included in the analysis, as excluding them with no further consideration would ignore the opinion of a considerable share of multicultural societies. With multigroup analyses on Swiss data we illustrated how to evaluate whether both the measurement and the prediction of immigration attitudes are invariant across natives and individuals with an immigrant background. The slight revealed differences did not justify the exclusion of respondents with an immigrant background. The paper concludes by discussing ways of addressing these differences in measurement and prediction
The rotational excitation of HCN and HNC by He: New insights on the HCN/HNC abundance ratio in molecular clouds
Modeling of molecular emission from interstellar clouds requires the
calculation of rates for excitation by collisions with the most abundant
species. The present paper focuses on the calculation of rate coefficients for
rotational excitation of the HCN and HNC molecules in their ground vibrational
state in collision with He. The calculations are based on new two-dimensional
potential energy surfaces obtained from highly correlated \textit{ab initio}
calculations. Calculations of pure rotational (de)excitation cross sections of
HCN and HNC by He were performed using the essentially exact close-coupling
method. Cross sections for transitions among the 8 first rotational levels of
HCN and HNC were calculated for kinetic energies up to 1000 cm. These
cross sections were used to determine collisional rate constants for
temperatures ranging from 5 K to 100 K. A propensity for even
transitions is observed in the case of HCN--He collisions whereas a propensity
for odd transitions is observed in the case of HNC--He collisions.
The consequences for astrophysical models are evaluated and it is shown that
the use of HCN rate coefficients to interpret HNC observations can lead to
significant inaccuracies in the determination of the HNC abundance, in
particular in cold dark clouds for which the new HNC rates show that the
line of this species will be more easily excited by collisions than
HCN. An important result of the new HNC-He rates is that the HNC/HCN abundance
ratio derived from observations in cold clouds has to be revised from 1 to
1, in good agreement with detailed chemical models available in the
literature.Comment: 8 figue
Dense molecular gas toward W49A: A template for extragalactic starbursts?
The HCN, HCO+, and HNC molecules are commonly used as tracers of dense
star-forming gas in external galaxies, but such observations are spatially
unresolved. Reliably inferring the properties of galactic nuclei and disks
requires detailed studies of sources whose structure is spatially resolved. We
compare the spatial distributions and abundance ratios of HCN, HCO+, and HNC in
W49A, the most massive and luminous star-forming region in the Galactic disk,
based on maps of a 2' (6.6 pc) field at 14" (0.83 pc) resolution of the J=4-3
transitions of HCN, H13CN, HC15N, HCO+, H13CO+, HC18O+ and HNC. The kinematics
of the molecular gas in W49A appears complex, with a mixture of infall and
outflow motions. Both the line profiles and comparison of the main and rarer
species show that the main species are optically thick. Two 'clumps' of
infalling gas appear to be at ~40 K, compared to ~100 K at the source centre,
and may be ~10x denser than the rest of the outer cloud. Chemical modelling
suggests that the HCN/HNC ratio probes the current gas temperature, while the
HCN/HCO+ ratio and the deuterium fractionation were set during an earlier,
colder phase of evolution. The data suggest that W49A is an appropriate
analogue of an extragalactic star forming region. Our data show that the use of
HCN/HNC/HCO+ line ratios as proxies for the abundance ratios is incorrect for
W49A, suggesting the same for galactic nuclei. Our observed isotopic line
ratios such as H13CN/H13CO+ approach our modeled abundance ratios quite well in
W49A. The 4-3 lines of HCN and HCO+ are much better tracers of the dense
star-forming gas in W49A than the 1-0 lines. Our observed HCN/HNC and HCN/HCO+
ratios in W49A are inconsistent with homogeneous PDR or XDR models, indicating
that irradiation hardly affects the gas chemistry in W49A. Overall, the W49A
region appears to be a useful template for starburst galaxies.Comment: Accepted by A&A; 17 pages, 15 figure
Molecular excitation in the Interstellar Medium: recent advances in collisional, radiative and chemical processes
We review the different excitation processes in the interstellar mediumComment: Accepted in Chem. Re
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors
Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Unveiling Naturalization. A Multilevel Study on Minority Proportion, Conservative Ideologies, and Attitudes Toward the Muslim Veil
Anti-Muslim attitudes are widespread in Western countries, especially among conservative individuals. Yet, the Muslim veil sparks controversy across the ideological spectrum, potentially resulting in unwillingness to naturalize Muslim immigrants. Living in culturally diverse contexts is likely to affect how ideologies relate to anti-veil attitudes. This study examined the interplay between individual- and community-level ideologies and minority proportion in explaining anti-veil attitudes. Multilevel analyses with Swiss World Values Survey data (N = 1,006; 125 municipalities) revealed that individual-level conservatism and conservative ideological climates increased anti-veil attitudes. Minority proportion in a municipality (i.e., proportion of ex-Yugoslavs and Turks representing the largest Muslim groups) shaped the impact of conservative ideologies on both levels: Stronger anti-veil attitudes were found in highly conservative communities when minority proportion was high rather than low, whereas low rather than high minority proportion strengthened anti-veil attitudes for nonconformist individuals and in progressive communities. This research highlights the need to simultaneously examine conservative ideologies and immigrant presence to understand host societies’ views of immigrants’ cultural practices. </jats:p