A Risk Assessment for Road Transportation of Dangerous Goods: A Routing Solution☆

Abstract Improve road traffic safety is one of the most important objectives for transport policy makers in contemporary society, and represents a strategic issue for enhance life quality. Recently ISO 39001 (Road Traffic Safety Management Systems) introduced the guidelines of safety-based activities aimed to decreasing road accidents, in agreement with the Quality Management Systems (ISO 9000). Such guidelines are intended for infrastructure managers, administrators, and private entities, and defines a standard management for reduction of road risk. In this context, the risk arising by dangerous goods transport represents a particular threat which needs strategies and tools to reduce risk rate of society, property and environment. Several decision making solutions for transport managers and public administration are defined, but two open points still exist. Firstly, there are not applications supporting for dangerous goods carriers in tactical and operational planning. The second point is related to impacts of traffic congestion on road accidents frequency: there is not a common approach for study and assessment these relationships. The aim of this paper is to analyze the interactions between road traffic flow and frequency of accidents: the paper propose an integrated approach for the study of routing problems considering safety. The first part concerns a brief critical review on literature solutions. Following is presented a new approach to analyze a road accident involving a dangerous goods, focusing on the reason which lead to a leakage of hazardous materials. This paper presents an upgrade of a minimum cost routing problem for a road carrier considering also the risk related to dangerous goods. After a description on how computing risk concerning dangerous goods transportation in a routing choice problem, the paper describes a solution aimed at providing a tactical and operating decision-making tool. The aim is to enable the carrier that transport dangerous goods to calculate the quantification of the risk for each specific trip in addition to operating cost for each specific transport. The added value of risk quantification could be used by transportation carrier in ISO 39001 to numerically prove his own safety-decisions to the control authority. The analysis developed has provided good results. The approach defined, albeit simplified, is a useful tool, especially when ISO 39001 standards will strengthen road safety

Caratteristiche principali dell'emissione di galassie ellittiche

L'elaborato espone in modo sintetico le principali caratteristiche dell'emissione delle galassie ellittiche concentrandosi in particolare sui principali processi fisici che partecipano all'emissione di radiazione delle galassie. All'inizio della tesi è presente una breve introduzione dedicata alle caratteristiche fisiche e morfologiche dei principali tipi di galassie ellittich

O termo territorial coletivo : limites e possibilidades de aplicação no Distrito Federal

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2022.Os problemas relacionados ao acesso à moradia adequada nas cidades brasileiras, ao longo da história, nunca tiveram respostas suficientes do Estado, enquanto operador do Planejamento Urbano. A partir da análise crítica da conformação da disciplina, que está intrinsecamente ligada à relação social com a propriedade fundiária e seu domínio, entende-se que suas limitações de alcance estão mais ligadas a fatores políticos do que técnicos. A breve história do Distrito Federal, proprietário de vasto banco de terras, está repleta de exemplos de como a (in)ação do Estado, é voltada para atendimento de interesses muito específicos. Com o apoio da Teoria Decolonial, que critica a modernidade e a colonialidade enquanto expressões da visão eurocêntrica - limitada e opressora - do mundo, passamos a discutir alternativas epistêmicas e de ação dentro do Planejamento Urbano, buscando opções às demandas de moradia no DF, enquanto território do Sul global. Os Community Land Trusts, modelo de gestão coletiva da terra, se mostram capazes de quebrar alguns paradigmas na relação dos indivíduos com a terra, na defesa de valores coletivos e na promoção e garantia do direito à moradia adequado de forma perene. Por isso, o entendemos como um instrumento contra-hegemônico de planejamento e o tomamos como objeto de análise desta dissertação, estudando o especialmente a partir da experiência que busca implementá-lo com o nome de Termo Territorial Coletivo em comunidades cariocas. A reunião de teorias, dados históricos e informações empíricas nos permitem defender a inclusão do TTC no rol de políticas públicas habitacionais de interesse social no DF em duas formas distintas: como parte do processo de regularização fundiária, e como instrumento de oferta habitacional em terras públicas.Through history, the problems related to the access to appropriate housing in Brazilian cities have never had sufficient answers from the State, as the operator of Urban Planning. Starting from the critical analysis of the discipline’s conformation, which is intrinsically linked to the social relation with land property and domain, it is understood that those limitations are more related to political than technical matters. The brief history of Federal District (DF) in Brazil, owner of a vast amount of land, is full of examples of how the (in)action of State intend to meet the demands of a very specific classist group. With the support of Decolonial Theory, which criticizes modernity and coloniality as expressions of the Eurocentric – limited and oppressive – vision of the world, this work discusses epistemic and action alternatives within Urban Planning. We seek options to housing demands in DF, while territory of the global South. The Community Land Trusts, a model based on collective ownership of land, runed by its dwellers, are an example of breaking some paradigms related to individuals’ relation with the land. They are also innovative in the defense of collective values and in the promotion of land perpetual affordability. Therefore, the CLTs is understood as a ‘counter-hegemonic’ planning instrument. Because of that, we take it as the object of analysis of this dissertation, studying it especially through the experience that seeks initiates it in Rio de Janeiro, where its name has been translated to Termo Territorial Coletivo. The combination of theories, historical data and empirical information allow us to defend the inclusion of the TTC in the list of public housing policies of social interest in the DF in two different ways: as part of the land regularization process, and as an instrument of housing supply on public lands

Quantum confinement and dielectric profiles of colloidal nanoplatelets of halide inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites

International audienceQuantum confinement as well as high frequency ε∞ and static εs dielectric profiles are described for nanoplatelets of halide inorganic perovskites CsPbX3 (X = I, Br, Cl) and hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOP) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures. 3D HOP are currently being sought for their impressive photovoltaic ability. Prior to this sudden popularity, 2D HOP materials were driving intense activity in the field of optoelectronics. Such developments have been enriched by the recent ability to synthesize colloidal nanostructures of controlled size of 2D and 3D HOP. This raises the need to achieve a thorough description of the electronic structure and dielectric properties of these systems. In this work, we go beyond the abrupt dielectric interface model and reach atomic scale description. We examine the influence of the nature of the halogen and of the cation on the band structure and dielectric constants. Similarly, we survey the effect of dimensionality and shape of the perovskite. In agreement with recent experimental results, we show an increase of the band gap and a decrease of ε∞ when the size of a nanoplatelet reduces. By inspecting 2D HOP, we find that it cannot be described as a simple superposition of independent inorganic and organic layers. Finally, the dramatic impact of ionic contributions on the dielectric constant εs is analysed

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Rashba and Dresselhaus Effects in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites: From Basics to Devices

J.E. and C.K. thank R. Winkler for fruitful discussions. We gratefully acknowledge Prof. R.-G.Xiong for providing Bz2PbCl4 crystallographic data.International audienceWe use symmetry analysis, density functional theory calculations, and k·p modeling to scrutinize Rashba and Dresselhaus effects in hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites. These perovskites are at the center of a recent revolution in the field of photovoltaics but have also demonstrated potential for optoelectronic applications such as transistors and light emitters. Due to a large spin-orbit coupling of the most frequently used metals, they are also predicted to offer a promising avenue for spin-based applications. With an in-depth inspection of the electronic structures and bulk lattice symmetries of a variety of systems, we analyze the origin of the spin splitting in two- and three-dimensional hybrid perovskites. It is shown that low-dimensional nanostructures made of CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br) lead to spin splittings that can be controlled by an applied electric field. These findings further open the door for a perovskite-based spintronics

Desafios da governança do sistema policial no Brasil: o caso da política de integração das polícias em Minas Gerais

O artigo tem como proposta analisar os resultados alcançados pela política de integração das polícias executada pelo governo de Minas Gerais no período de 2003 a 2010. A partir de ampla análise documental e da realização de entrevistas qualitativas e de um survey, procurou-se averiguar o grau de institucionalização obtido pela referida política pública. A principal conclusão do estudo é a de que a despeito da elevada sofisticação da estrutura de governança implantada nos setores de informação, ensino, correição, áreas de atuação e planejamento operacional, com ampla legitimidade perante os policiais civis e militares, o antagonismo corporativo entre as policias permaneceu

Solid-State Physics Perspective on Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors

International audienceIn this review we examine recent theoretical investigations on 2D and 3D hybrid perovskites (HOP) that combine classical solid-state physics concepts and density functional theory (DFT) simulations as a tool for studying their optoelectronic properties. Such an approach allows one to define a new class of semiconductors, where the pseudocubic high temperature perovskite structure plays a central role. Bloch states and k.p Hamiltonians yield new insight into the influence of lattice distortions, including loss of inversion symmetry, as well as spin-orbit coupling. Electronic band folding and degeneracy, effective masses and optical absorption are analyzed. Concepts of Bloch and envelope functions, as well as confinement potential are discussed in the context of layered HOP and 3D HOP heterostructures. Screening and dielectric confinements are important for room temperature optical properties of 3D and layered HOP, respectively. Non-radiative Auger effects are analyzed for the first time close to the electronic band gap of 3D hybrid perovskites

Homicide and Drug Trafficking in Impoverished Communities in Brazil

Many studies demonstrate that homicides are heavily concentrated in impoverished neighborhoods, but not all socially disadvantaged neighborhoods are hotbeds of violence. Conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, this study hypothesizes that the association between high rates of homicide and impoverished areas is influenced by the emergence of a specific type of street drug-dealing common to favelas (slums). The study applies econometric techniques to police data on homicides and drug arrests from 2008 to 2011, as well as 2010 Census data, to test its hypothesis. The findings provide insight into the development of crime prevention policies in areas of high social vulnerability