ETHICA EX MACHINA. Exploring artificial moral agency or the possibility of computable ethics

Since the automation revolution of our technological era, diverse machines or robots have gradually begun to reconfigure our lives. With this expansion, it seems that those machines are now faced with a new challenge: more autonomous decision-making involving life or death consequences. This paper explores the philosophical possibility of artificial moral agency through the following question: could a machine obtain the cognitive capacities needed to be a moral agent? In this regard, I propose to expose, under a normative-cognitive perspective, the minimum criteria through which we could recognize an artificial entity as a genuine moral entity. Although my proposal should be considered from a reasonable level of abstraction, I will critically analyze and identify how an artificial agent could integrate those cognitive features. Finally, I intend to discuss their limitations or possibilities

La disfagia tras un accidente cerebrovascular: Cuidados de enfermería

Trabajo fin de grado en EnfermeríaLas enfermedades cerebrovasculares constituyen la segunda causa de muertes a nivel mundial, recayendo la principal incidencia sobre las personas de la tercera edad. Teniendo en cuenta el envejecimiento progresivo de la población, el abordaje de estas enfermedades, así como sus complicaciones supone un gran reto para la sanidad. Mediante esta revisión narrativa, en la que se han consultado las bases de datos Pubmed, Cinahl, Cuiden Plus, Scielo, Cochrane, Lilacs, y el motor de búsquedas Google Académico se pretende revisar la evidencia disponible sobre cómo abordar la nutrición en un paciente con disfagia tras un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV). La valoración precoz de la misma supone gran importancia en la evolución del paciente, pudiendo evitar complicaciones tales como la broncoaspiración o la neumonía. A su vez, la utilización de un test de deglución eficaz y adecuado es crucial para poder determinar el grado de la misma y así poder tomar las medidas adecuadas a la capacidad del paciente. Estas herramientas de cribado son realizadas a pie de cama por el personal de enfermería por lo que este colectivo sanitario tiene gran responsabilidad en la valoración de la disfagia. La presencia de la misma, así como el grado en el que aparezca supondrá la necesidad de aplicar diferentes medidas para la administración de los nutrientes necesarios para el paciente con el fin de garantizar la seguridad del mismo y evitar la aparición de complicaciones.The cerebrovascular diseases constitute the second cause of death in the world, with a higher incidence in elderly people. Taking into acount the aging of the population, the approach to these diseases, as well as he complications that can arise are a big challenge to the health of individuals and to the health care systems. In this narrative view, the following databases have been consulted: Pubmed, Cinahl, Cuiden Plus, Scielo, Cochrane, Lilacs and Google Academic with the aim to review the existing evidence about how to approach the nutrition of a pacient suffering from dysphagia after a stroke. The early assessment of dysphagia is critical in the evolution of the patient, since it avoids further complications such as pneumonia or aspiration. In turn, the use of an effective test of deglution is crucial to be able to determinate the level of dysphagia and to implement the appropiate measures according to the status of the pacient. This bedside screening tools are used by the nursing staff, so these professionals have a great responsability in the diagnosis and assessment of dysphagia. The presence of dysphagia, as well as the level at which it is present in the pacient, leads to the administration of different interventional approaches to administrate the nutrients needed by the pacient in order to enruse the security of the pacient and to avoid the appearance of complications

Valoración de Ryanair Holdings, Plc.

Este TFG consiste en un informe de valoración de las líneas maestras estratégicas y del capital de la empresa Ryanair Holdings, Plc. Para llevarlo a cabo he empleado un método de descuento de flujos de caja, concretamente el Descuento de Flujos Libres de Caja para la Empresa o FCFF. La información recogida y calculada para la valoración está basada en valoraciones subjetivas sobre el comportamiento futuro de la aerolínea. Mis estimaciones resultan en un precio por acción más alto que el precio de la acción cotizada de Ryanair, considerándola una oportunidad de inversión exitosaDepartamento de Economía Financiera y ContabilidadGrado en Economí

Land of Opportunity: Aspects and Socio-cultural Legacy of Irish and Italian Immigration to the United States of America

The United States is the nation of nations par excellence. However, the true significance of immigration is frequently underappreciated by the regular American, and, simmilarly, some of the most essential chapters of American immigration history (namely European) are left buried in the past in favor of newer ones. Furthermore, the vast majority of the studies that constitute this subject’s corpus focus on each of these chapters independently, as if they were entirely unrelated or notably different to one another. This study examines the features, stories and consequences of two of the most relevant immigration processes in US history, Irish and Italian, by compiling/consulting numerous sources and constructing one single complete article. It aims at evaluating the data and providing the knowledge to fully understand the magnitude of their legacy, inevitably delivering useful learnings; as well as proving that conjuct analysis is not only plausible, but maybe advisable in some cases.Estados Unidos es la nación de naciones por excelencia. Sin embargo, la auténtica trascendencia que la inmigración ha supuesto es a menudo infravalorada por el propio estadounidense, y, del mismo modo, algunos de los capítulos más esenciales de la historia de la inmigración americana (la europea) quedan enterrados en el pasado en pro de aquellos más recientes. Además, la gran mayoría de los estudios que conforman el corpus de esta materia se centran en cada uno de estos capítulos de forma independiente, como si no tuvieran relación alguna o fueran considerablemente diferentes entre sí. Este estudio examina las características, historias y consecuencias de dos de los procesos de inmigración más relevantes de la historia de Estados Unidos, la irlandesa y la italiana, mediante la recopilación/consulta de numerosas fuentes y la construcción de un único artículo integral. El objetivo es la evaluación de datos y presentación de los conocimientos necesarios para comprender plenamente la magnitud de su legado, aportando, inevitablemente, útiles enseñanzas; así como pretende demostrar que un análisis conjunto no sólo es plausible, sino tal vez aconsejable en algunos casos.Departamento de Filología InglesaGrado en Estudios Inglese

"Sotar con vellaco": Danza y movimiento en el "Libro de buen amor" a partir del estudio del léxico

This article proposes that the author of Libro de buen amor is familiar with and distinguishes (sometimes implicitly) various forms of contemporary dances, and their performance conventions and circumstances. In order to do this we begin by identifying and defining the musical contexts of various dances. We then offer a series of examples that establish relationships between certain musical instruments and specific types of dances and their steps and also address a third factor, namely, how the ideological environment determines the selection of instruments and type of dance. Although considering medieval musical iconography, in this study we focus on the text of the Libro itself, particularly in the work’s descriptions of movement and instrumental accompaniment. Words such as “sotar”, “trotar”, “trotalla”, “trotera”, that express excessive movement, are mainly associated with the minstrel, the “vellaco”, the “serrana”, the “cantadera”, eroticism, the tavern, dice and certain instruments, while it is the understated circular dance choreography of the higher social class that marks the shared norms of both dance and love that distinguishes their social rank. In the Libro de buen amor allusions to the latter dance form is used allegorically to underscore the nature of the time’s passage over the course of the yearEl presente trabajo propone que el autor del Libro de buen amor conoce y distingue (en ocasiones implícitamente) varias formas de danzar en su tiempo, las circunstancias de su puesta en escena, sus convenciones y su forma de ejecución. Para ello partimos del enfoque tradicional, que identifica y define escenas musicales de danza. Demostramos cómo existe relación entre determinados instrumentos y algunos movimientos de danza, pero también cómo un tercer factor, el de los ambientes, pone en relación instrumentos, sustratos ideológicos y diferentes tipos de baile. Encontramos herramientas tradicionales en la iconografía y el cotejo de algunos textos medievales hispánicos, pero es el análisis de las palabras que indican movimiento la principal innovación de nuestro método frente al de la crítica tradicional. Voces como “sotar”, “trotar”, “trotalla”, “trotera”, denotando movimiento descomedido, están mayoritariamente asociadas al juglar, al “vellaco”, la “serrana”, la “cantadera”, el erotismo, la taberna, los dados y ciertos instrumentos, en tanto que es la danza en círculo, más mesurada, la coreografía propia de capas sociales más elevadas, la distintiva de aquellos que tienen normas así para danzar como para amar, la que está relacionada con la alegoría y secundada por un complejo aparato intelectual-filosófic

“Allí sale gritando la guitarra morisca”: Nueva aproximación a una enumeración de instrumentos en el "Libro de buen amor"

Through the study of medieval iconography in Europe and modern studies on musicology, we can demonstrate that the Archpriest of Hita was aware of the music of his time, its circumstances, conventions and performance, particularly as it was understood by the jongleurs. We will focus on a section of seven stanzas subjected to different kinds of literary and musicological analysis. We will go beyond the traditional approach, which emphasizes the description and comparison between instruments, enriching it with that of their combinations within instrumental groups, the hierarchy that existed among them, and how they were conceived in the Middle AgesA la luz de varios ejemplos de iconografía musical de la época y de estudios musicológicos modernos, podemos demostrar que el Arcipreste de Hita era conocedor de la música instrumental de su tiempo, su puesta en escena, convenciones y ejecución, tal como la entendían los juglares. Para ello someteremos un mismo pasaje de siete estrofas a distintos tipos de análisis filológico y musicológico. Partiremos del enfoque tradicional, que enfatiza la identificación y descripción de instrumentos, enriqueciéndolo con el que se ocupa de sus agrupaciones, para demostrar que: algunos instrumentos se mencionan y describen de forma distinta en función de su importancia relativa y la jerarquía existente entre ellos; que el pasaje presenta una distinción entre instrumentos altos y bajos; que los instrumentos no están elegidos al azar, sino agrupados de manera que empasten adecuadamente unos con otros y respondan a las convenciones de un conjunto coherente en época del Arcipreste

On motion in dynamic magnetic resonance imaging: Applications in cardiac function and abdominal diffusion

La imagen por resonancia magnética (MRI), hoy en día, representa una potente herramienta para el diagnóstico clínico debido a su flexibilidad y sensibilidad a un amplio rango de propiedades del tejido. Sus principales ventajas son su sobresaliente versatilidad y su capacidad para proporcionar alto contraste entre tejidos blandos. Gracias a esa versatilidad, la MRI se puede emplear para observar diferentes fenómenos físicos dentro del cuerpo humano combinando distintos tipos de pulsos dentro de la secuencia. Esto ha permitido crear distintas modalidades con múltiples aplicaciones tanto biológicas como clínicas. La adquisición de MR es, sin embargo, un proceso lento, lo que conlleva una solución de compromiso entre resolución y tiempo de adquisición (Lima da Cruz, 2016; Royuela-del Val, 2017). Debido a esto, la presencia de movimiento fisiológico durante la adquisición puede conllevar una grave degradación de la calidad de imagen, así como un incremento del tiempo de adquisición, aumentando así tambien la incomodidad del paciente. Esta limitación práctica representa un gran obstáculo para la viabilidad clínica de la MRI. En esta Tesis Doctoral se abordan dos problemas de interés en el campo de la MRI en los que el movimiento fisiológico tiene un papel protagonista. Éstos son, por un lado, la estimación robusta de parámetros de rotación y esfuerzo miocárdico a partir de imágenes de MR-Tagging dinámica para el diagnóstico y clasificación de cardiomiopatías y, por otro, la reconstrucción de mapas del coeficiente de difusión aparente (ADC) a alta resolución y con alta relación señal a ruido (SNR) a partir de adquisiciones de imagen ponderada en difusión (DWI) multiparamétrica en el hígado.Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería TelemáticaDoctorado en Tecnologías de la Información y las Telecomunicacione

Nuevos conceptos, distintos enfoques: una aproximación a la visibilidad digital (e-visibilidad) en sitios web de proyectos de investigación

[EN] In the last few years, the web has become a privileged access platform for knowledge for an increasingly globalized society. Thus, digital platforms are currently used by researchers to strengthen the visibility of their research output as well as their own. In this study we explore the concept of e-visibility as a key notion in the current digital discursive practices within the scientific context. For such purposes we have focused on international research project websites as instances of such practices.The analysis undertaken is data-driven and has revealed the existence of various entities which are made visible by means of a combination of lexicogrammatical devices together with other modes afforded by the digital platforms. Results also show that there are various types of e-visibility emerging from the combination of the entities and the lexicogrammatical and visual resources used to make them visible.[ES] En los últimos años, la web se ha convertido en una excelente plataforma de acceso al conocimiento para nuestra sociedad, cada vez más globalizada. Por ello, los investigadores utilizan las plataformas digitales para fomentar tanto la visibilidad de sus resultados de investigación como la suya propia. En este artículo exploramos el concepto de visibilidad digital (e-visibilidad) como una noción clave en las prácticas discursivas digitales dentro del contexto científico. Para estudiar estas prácticas, hemos centrado nuestro análisis en sitios web de proyectos de investigación internacionales. El análisis realizado se basa en datos y revela la existencia de varias entidades que se hacen visibles mediante la combinación de estrategias lexicogramaticales con otros modos que sólo las plataformas digitales ponen al alcance. Nuestros resultados muestran la existencia de distintos tiposde visibilidad digital que emergen de la combinación de estas entidades con los recursos lexicogramaticales y visuales utilizados para hacerles visibles.This research has been funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FFI2017 84205-P), the Gobierno de Aragón (Spain) (H16_17R) and Ibercaja-Unizar (JIUZ-2018-HUM-03).Lorés-Sanz, R.; Herrando-Rodrigo, I. (2020). New concepts, different approaches: tackling e-visibility in research project websites. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas. 15(1):83-98. https://doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2020.12782OJS8398151Albalat-Mascarell, A., & Carrió-Pastor, M.L. (2019). 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ELT Documents 134: 43-54.Herrando-Rodrigo, I. (2019). "Raising awareness around writers' voice in academic discourse. An analysis of writers' (in)visibility." Brno Studies in English, 45/2, 49-72. https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2019-2-3Herring, S.C. (2012). "Discourse in Web 2.0: Familiar, Reconfigured, and Emergent." In D. Tannen & A. M. Tester (eds.) Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Press, 1-25.Hodge, R., & Kress, G. (1979). Language and Ideology. London/New York: Routledge.Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2000). Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Hyland, K. (1998). Hedging in Scientific Research Articles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.54Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring Interaction in Writing. London: Bloomsbury.Hyland, K. (2010). "Community and Individuality: Performing Identity in Applied Linguistics." Written Communication, 27/2, 159-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088309357846Hyland, K., & Sancho, C. (2012). Stance and Voice in Academic Discourse. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137030825Ivanič, R. (1998). Writing and Identity: The Discoursal Construction of Identity in Academic Writing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/swll.5Ivorra Pérez, F.M. (2015). "The impact of cultural dimensions and politeness on the engagement markers of Spanish, British and US business websites." In M. Hernández-López & L. Fernández-Amaya (eds.) Studies in Pragmatics 14: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Service Encounters. Boston: Brill. Leiden, 139-163. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004260160_008Ivorra Pérez, F.M. (2016). "Interpersonality and culture: an approach to the movie review genre." Odisea, 17, 159-183.https://doi.org/10.25115/odisea.v0i17.358Jewitt, C. (ed.) (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Multimodal Analysis. London: Routledge.Jewitt, C. (2016). "Multimodal analysis." In A. Georgakopoulou & T. Spilioti (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Language and Digital Communication. London: Routledge,69-84.John, S. (2005). The Writing Process and Writing Identity: Investigating the Influence of Revision on Linguistic and Textual Features of Writer Identity in Dissertations. UK: University of Birmingham. PhD Thesis (Unpublished).Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A Social semiotic approach to communication. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203970034Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal Discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Arnold.Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203619728Lewin, B. A. (1998). "Hedging: from and function in scientific research texts." In I. Fortanet & T. Dudley-Evans (eds.) Genre Studies in English for Academic Purposes. 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The dynamics of rings around Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects

Since 2013, dense and narrow rings are known around the small Centaur object Chariklo and the dwarf planet Haumea. Dense material has also been detected around the Centaur Chiron, although its nature is debated. This is the first time ever that rings are observed elsewhere than around the giant planets, suggesting that those features are more common than previously thought. The origins of those rings remain unclear. In particular, it is not known if the same generic process can explain the presence of material around Chariklo, Chiron, Haumea, or if each object has a very different history. Nonetheless, a specific aspect of small bodies is that they may possess a non-axisymmetric shape (topographic features and or elongation) that are essentially absent in giant planets. This creates strong resonances between the spin rate of the object and the mean motion of ring particles. In particular, Lindblad-type resonances tend to clear the region around the corotation (or synchronous) orbit, where the particles orbital period matches that of the body. Whatever the origin of the ring is, modest topographic features or elongations of Chariklo and Haumea explain why their rings should be found beyond the outermost 1/2 resonance, where the particles complete one revolution while the body completes two rotations. Comparison of the resonant locations relative to the Roche limit of the body shows that fast rotators are favored for being surrounded by rings. We discuss in more details the phase portraits of the 1/2 and 1/3 resonances, and the consequences of a ring presence on satellite formation.Comment: Chapter to be published in the book "The Transneptunian Solar System", Dina Prialnik, Maria Antonietta Barucci, Leslie Young Eds. Elsevie

Do you know to whom you pay your taxes? The case of decentralised Spain

Surveys show that most citizens are unable to correctly identify the taxes received or the services provided by the different levels of government. This shortcoming represents an obstacle to democratic accountability and for the efficiency gains that the theory of fiscal federalism attributes to fiscal decentralisation be effective. Exploiting the 2015 wave of the Spanish Institute for Fiscal Studies' Fiscal Barometer, this paper empirically determines the profile of citizens who are best able to identify the allocation of taxes among the central, regional and local levels of government. The estimates suggest that these citizens are those who are able to identify the government that provides the services financed by those taxes, who correctly identify other taxes received by the same government, who reside in a foral region, and who enjoy a high level of education