Chemical Castration For Sexual Violance Convicts In Indonesia: The Hifz al-Nafs and Huquq al-Insan Review

The number of sexual harassment against children and women in Indonesia has increased significantly. This shows that women and children are currently insecure. To respond to this, the Indonesian government came up with Law Number 23 of 2002, Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2016, Law Number 17 of 2016, and Government Regulation Number 70 of 2020 to eliminate the increasing number of victims and provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators. On the other hand, there have been pros and cons from all levels of Indonesian society regarding the chemical castration punishment. To consider the effectiveness of chemical castration, this study will look at the perspective of hifz al-nafs (guarding the soul) and huquq al-insan (human rights) as the basic rights that should not be violated. The results of the research showed that chemical castration is effective because it is able to provide maslahah values ​​in the form of a deterrent effect for perpetrators and security and safety especially for children and women, although there are few problems in the area of ​​human rights, where perpetrators of sexual crimes have the right to be treated fairly before the law

Potensi Integrasi dan Internalisasi Hukum Pidana Islam ke dalam Penal Reform di Indonesia

Abstract: This article discusses the potential for integration and internalization of Islamic Criminal Law in the revision of the National Criminal Code (penal reform). There are three good reasons why the Islamic Criminal Law is quite potential to integrate and internalize in the draft revision of the National Criminal Code, namely; 1. Indonesia is a state based on Pancasila as its ideology as mentioned in the first principle “Almighty Godâ€; 2. The majority of Indonesian people are Muslim; and 3. Historically, Islamic criminal law was to have lived in the archipelago. The internalization process of Islamic Criminal Law into the National Criminal Law can be done with several principles, namely: (1) a substantial and contextual rather than formal-textual; (2) the orientation from jawâbir to zawâjir; (3) the theory of zawâjir (rehabilitation theory), namely how to rehabilitate convict; (4) the establishment of principles derived from Islamic law as set forth in the concept of maqâshid al-syarî'ah. Keywords: Integration, Islamic Criminal Law, National Criminal Code, penal reform.                          Abstrak:  Artikel ini membahas tentang potensi integrasi dan internalisasi hukum pidana Islam ke dalam revisi KUHP Nasional (penal reform). Ada tiga alasan kuat mengapa hukum pidana Islam berpotensi untuk berintegrasi dan berinternalisasi dalam rancangan revisi KUHP Nasional, yaitu; 1. Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasarkan Pancasila sebagai ideologi, terutama sila pertama “Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esaâ€; 2. Mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia adalah Muslim; dan 3. Secara historis, hukum pidana Islam ini pernah hidup di bumi nusantara. Proses internalisasi hukum pidana Islam ke dalam hukum pidana nasional bisa dilakukan dengan beberapa prinsip, yakni: (1) substansial-kontekstual dan bukan formal-tekstual; (2) dari orientasi prinsip jawâbir menuju zawâjir; (3) teori zawâjir (rehabilitation theory), yakni merahibilitasi si terpidana; (4) pembentukan asas-asas yang disarikan dari hukum Islam sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam konsep maqâshid al-syarî’ah. Kata Kunci: Integrasi, hukum pidana Islam, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, penal reform

Penentuan Properties Bahan Bakar Batubara Cair Untuk Bahan Bakar Marine Diesel Engine.

Coal water mixture (CWM) adalah bahan bakar campuran antara batubara dan air dengan peambahan zat aditif yang dapat membentuk suspensi cairan homogen dan stabil selama penyimpanan, pengangkutan, dan pembakaran. Tahap pertama pembuatan bahan bakar batubara cair adalah dengan teknologi Upgrading Brown Coal (UBC). Pada proses upgrading ini digunakan larutan kerosen dan aspal sebagai media upgradingnya, sedangkan rasio antara larutan kerosen-aspal dengan batubara adalah 1,25. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan slurry bahan bakar batubara cair dengan teknologi Coal Water Mixtures (CWM). Pada proses CWM ini diameter batubara maximum 38 um. Komposisi antara batubara dengan air adalah 40% : 60%. Untuk menstabilkan CWM digunakan bahan aditif berupa CarboMextyl Cellulose (CMC) dan sebagai dipersant digunakan Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic (ABS). Perbandingan masing-masing aditif pada komposisi campuran adalah 0.01% CMC dan 0.07% ABS. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan variasi temperatur pemanasan untuk mengetahui hasil fisik maupun karakteristik bahan bakar batubara cair. Dari hasil fisik dan karakteristik diperoleh keadaan batubara cair memiliki kemiripan dengan Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) pada temperatur pemanasan 15 0C dan 50 0C

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease

BACKGROUND: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P=0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P=0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P=0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P=0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P=0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society