GROUND STATION FOR MINIATURIZED SATELLITES: A STATE OF ART SURVEY

In order to deepen the knowledge on ground stations for pico-satellite and nano-satellite control, it is necessary to know the state of the art of automation, the evolution and the latest developments in this technology. Also, it is necessary to know: used communication protocols; CubeSat projects that were developed or are currently being developed; organizations that regulate the use of pico-satellites; the design of ground stations; the most used software for tracking satellites, and to look into known techniques for satellite tracking. This work is a compilation of the papers published concerning the evolution of ground system in the last 10 years. In addition, it provides a summary and critical analysis on state of the art to ground station. The objective of this work is to make a state of the art in ground station for miniaturized satellites, to evaluate the existence of the use of artificial intelligence techniques in the automation of ground stations and identify how institutions are working on ground station around the world.Para profundizar en el conocimiento de las estaciones terrenas para el control de pico-satélites y nano-satélites, es necesario conocer el estado del arte de la automatización, la evolución y los últimos avances en esta tecnología. Además, es necesario conocer: protocolos de comunicación utilizados; proyectos de CubeSat que se desarrollaron o se están desarrollando actualmente; organizaciones que regulan el uso de pico-satélites; el diseño de estaciones terrenas; el software más utilizado para rastrear satélites y, por último, investigar las técnicas conocidas para rastrearlos. Este trabajo es una recopilación de los trabajos publicados sobre la evolución del sistema de tierra de los últimos 10 años. Además, proporciona un análisis resumido y crítico sobre el estado del arte de las estaciones terrenas. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar el estado del arte de las estaciones terrenas para pequeños satélites, evaluar la existencia del uso de técnicas de inteligencia artificial en la automatización de estaciones terrenas e identificar cómo las están trabajando, en instituciones en alrededor del mundo

Análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento do algodoeiro no Paraná

A simulation model for the Brazilian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Variety IAC-17 is reported and tested successfully against an extensive set of field data. The model is stochastic in form and is considerable improvement over prior deterministic models. The effects of the 1982-83 weather conditions for Londrina, PR, on observed cotton yield is also examined.Um modelo de simulação para a variedade de algodoeiro IAC-17 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) é apresentado e testado com êxito quando comparado com dados de campo. O modelo é da forma estocástica e representa um considerável avanço com respeito a prévios modelos determinísticos. É examinado também o efeito das condições meteorológicas ocorridas durante a safra 1982-83 para Londrina, PR, sobre a produção do algodoeiro

Development of cotton variety IAPAR 4 - Paraná 1

São apresentados e discutidos dados de 46 ensaios conduzidos por seis anos agrícolas no Estado do Paraná, com a linhagem PR 4139, originária de seleção individual de plantas na variedade Réba B-50. São mostrados dados comparativos com as variedades em cultivo, e características morfológicas diferenciais. O material recebeu o nome de "IAPAR 4 - Paraná 1" e é recomendado, no Estado, para áreas de solos argilosos e comprovadamente sem problemas de murcha e nematóide.Data from 46 field experiments carried out during six years in the State of Paraná, with tine PR 4139, originated from individual selection in Reba B-50 variety, are presented and discussed. Comparison between cultivated varieties is made, and morphological characters are described. The line received the name IAPAR 4 Paraná 1" and is recommended in the State for areas with clay soils and free from wilt.

Prevalence of asymptomatic urethritis by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and associated risk factors among males living with HIV-1

Objectives The increase in HIV transmissibility in non-ulcerative sexually transmitted infection is already well-established. It is estimated that symptomatic carriers of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis have a relative risk of 4.8-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, for the sexual acquisition of HIV. This type of evaluation for asymptomatic urethritis is necessary to reinforce strategies to combat HIV transmission. This study aims to assess the prevalence of patients with asymptomatic urethritis among men diagnosed with HIV-1 and determine the risk factors associated with this infection. Methods We enrolled a total of 115 male patients aged 18 years or older who have been diagnosed with HIV infection and have no symptoms of urethritis or other sexually transmitted infections and who have been evaluated between May and August 2015 in a follow-up visit at the Immunology Outpatient Clinic of a Brazilian University Hospital. Results Four asymptomatic patients were positive for C. trachomatis and were considered asymptomatic carriers of urethritis. Prevalence was 3.47%. Patients who were positive for C. trachomatis urethritis had a lower mean age (p = 0.015). Conclusion The presence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection is a challenge in clinical practice. We recommend that, in outpatient practice, the habit of inquiring on previous sexual behavior to obtain more information about risks and associations with asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection, a routine physical examination and complementary tests to detect STI pathogens should be performed to discard these conditions. The development of rapid tests for this purpose should also be encouraged

Chlamydia trachomatis asymptomatic urethritis recurrence among males living with HIV-1

A prevalence of 3.47% of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis has been previously reported among males living with HIV infection in Brazil. This study aims to assess the recurrence of C. trachomatis urethritis three years later in the same cohort of patients and analyze associated risk factors. A total of 115 male patients diagnosed with HIV infection, with no symptoms of urethritis and observed since May of 2015 in followup visits were enrolled. They had urine samplers tested by PCR for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae between February and March 2018. Results: Three of the four patients who had asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis three years before were recurrently positive for C. trachomatis urethritis. Two new patients were diagnosed as positives, accounting for a total asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis prevalence of 4.34%. The prevalence during the whole study was 5.21%. The relative risk for a new urethritis episode among those previously diagnosed with urethritis is RR=41.62 (95% CI: 9.42-183.84), p < 0.01. Patients who presented asymptomatic urethritis anytime and who were recurrently positive for C. trachomatis had a lower mean age (p<0.01). Married individuals were protected regarding asymptomatic urethritis [p<0.01, OR = 0.04 (0.005-0.4)] and had lower risk to develop recurrence [p<0.01, RR = 0.86 (0.74-0.99)]. Illicit drugs users had risk associated to asymptomatic urethritis [p=0.02, OR= 5.9 (1.03-34)] and higher risk to develop recurrence [p<0.01, RR=1.1 (1-1.22)]. Conclusion: The recurrence of asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis after treatment among males living with HIV infection in Brazil can be considered high and should not be neglected

Cuidados biomédicos de saúde em Angola e na Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, c. 1910-1970

Pretende-se caracterizar a prestação de cuidados biomédicos em Angola durante a atividade da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola. Uma análise comparativa de políticas e práticas de saúde pública de vários atores coloniais, como os serviços de saúde da Companhia, sua congénere do Estado e outras empresas coloniais, revelará diferenças de investimento na saúde, isto é, instalações e pessoal de saúde, e tratamentos. Este escrutínio bem como as condições de vida iluminarão o carácter idiossincrático e central dos serviços de saúde da Companhia em termos de morbimortalidade em Angola, e a centralidade destes para as representações de um império cuidador

O Programa de Cidades Históricas : por uma política integrada de preservação do patrimônio cultural urbano

O Programa de Cidades Históricas (PCH), implementado a partir de 1973, foi o primeiro programa federal que investiu recursos para a recuperação do patrimônio cultural urbano. Implementado pelo Ministério do Planejamento, buscava o desenvolvimento econômico das cidades históricas e dialogava com outros assuntos em pauta naquele momento, como o desenvolvimento urbano e regional e o turismo cultural. Tinha em sua concepção uma mudança na maneira de abordar as cidades históricas: a partir do entendimento da cidade como produtora de capital, o patrimônio cultural geraria desenvolvimento econômico pelo seu consumo para a atividade turística. De 1973 a 1979, foram investidos 17,3 milhões de dólares, realizando-se 143 obras em monumentos (85% dos investimentos); 8 cursos de qualificação de mão de obra nos três níveis (superior, intermediário e operário); 7 planos urbanísticos; 6 obras em espaços públicos (urbanos); e 10 ações de tipos diversos. Nossa análise busca entender essa política a partir do seu processo de formulação e implementação, no período de 1972 a 1979. Pretende, nesse sentido: a) avaliar as relações de poder em jogo durante a construção e a implementação do programa; b) compreender o grau de sucesso que o programa obteve na construção de um Sistema Nacional de Patrimônio Cultural, analisando sua articulação junto aos estados e outros órgãos federais; e c) avaliar o papel do programa enquanto indutor de novas práticas institucionais no campo da preservação do patrimônio cultural, especialmente com relação ao Iphan e aos estados federativos brasileiros.The Historic Cities Program (PCH: 1973-1979) was the first federal program that has invested resources to the recovery of the urban cultural heritage. Implemented by the Ministry of Planning, sought economic development of historic towns and dialogued with other items on the agenda at the time, such as urban and regional development and cultural tourism. It brought a change in the way of approach the historic towns: from the understanding of the city as a producer of capital, heritage would generate economic development through its consume by the tourism. From 1973 to 1979 it was invested 17.3 million dollars, performing 143 works on monuments (85% of investments); 8 hand-to-work training courses in three levels (top, middle and working class); 7 urban plans; 6 works in public spaces (urban); and 10 shares of various types. Our analysis seeks to understand this policy from its formulation and implementation in the period from 1972 to 1979. The aim, in this sense, is: a) to assess the power relations at play during construction and implementation of the Program; b) to understand the degree of success that the program achieved in building a national system, analyzing its relationship with states and other federal agencies; and c) to evaluate the role of Program while inducing new institutional practices in the field of preservation of cultural heritage, especially with regard to Iphan