UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE A BALANÇA COMERCIAL DE PARNAÍBA-PI: uma análise no período 2007-2017

A dinâmica de comércio para o município desempenha uma influência importante tanto no que diz respeito à melhora de seus indicadores de atividade econômica como também influencia nos indicadores sociais. Com base nisso, o presente estudo partiu do seguinte problema: qual foi o comportamento da balança comercial de Parnaíba-PI entre 2007 e 2017? O objetivo geral deste estudo foi o de analisar a balança comercial de Parnaíba-PI no período 2007 a 2017, cujos objetivos específicos foram: I) Descrever a importância do comércio exterior para o crescimento econômico; e II) Compreender os fatores determinantes da balança comercial do município de Parnaíba-PI. Como métodos e procedimentos metodológicos, este estudo teve, inicialmente, um levantamento de cunho bibliográfico, para que as informações necessárias existentes sobre a temática proposta. Posteriormente, o estudo continuou com uma pesquisa de documental e exploratória, para que, com isso, as informações e análises fossem devidamente realizadas. Como considerações finais, estudo chegou à conclusão que de que, Parnaíba-PI ainda depende de uma política mais propositiva no que diz respeito ao comércio exterior, para que possa, dessa forma, garantir que os ganhos de escala sejam incorporados gradualmente ao longo do tempo e que, de fato, isto seja verificado no âmbito do desenvolvimento econômico local.Palavras-chave: Balança comercial. Parnaíba. Exportação. Importação.AN INVESTIGATION ON THE PARNAÍBA-PI TRADE BALANCE: an analysis in the period 2007-2017ABSTRACTThe dynamics of trade for the municipality has an important influence both in terms of improving its indicators of economic activity as well as influencing social indicators. Based on this, the present study started from the following problem: what was the behavior of the Parnaíba-PI trade balance between 2007 and 2017? The general objective of this study was to analyze the Parnaíba-PI trade balance from 2007 to 2017, whose specific objectives were: I) Describe the importance of foreign trade for economic growth; and II) Understand the factors determining the trade balance of Parnaíba-PI. As methods and methodological procedures, this study initially had a bibliographic survey, so that the necessary information on the proposed theme existed. Subsequently, the studycontinued with a documentary and exploratory research, so that, with this, the information and analysis were properly performed. As a final consideration, the study found that Parnaíba-PI still relies on a more purposeful foreign trade policy, so that it can ensure that scale gains are gradually incorporated over time. and that, in fact, this is verified in the context of local economic development.Keywords: Trade balance. Parnaiba. Export. Import.UNA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE EL BALANCE COMERCIAL DE PARNAÍBA-PI: un análisis en el 2007-2017RESUMENLa dinámica del comercio para el municipio tiene una influencia importante tanto en términos de mejorar sus indicadores de actividad económica como en influir en los indicadores sociales. En base a esto, el presente estudio comenzó con el siguiente problema: ¿cuál fue el comportamiento de la balanza comercial Parnaíba-PI entre 2007 y 2017? El objetivo general de este estudio fue analizar la balanza comercial Parnaíba-PI de 2007 a 2017, cuyos objetivos específicos fueron: I) Describir la importancia del comercio exterior para el crecimiento económico; y II) Comprender los factores que determinan la balanza comercial de Parnaíba-PI. Como métodos y procedimientos metodológicos, este estudio inicialmente tenía una encuesta bibliográfica, por lo que existía la informaciónnecesaria sobre el tema propuesto. Posteriormente, el estudio continuó con una investigación documental y exploratoria, de modo que, con esto, la información y el análisis se realizaron correctamente. Como consideración final, el estudio encontró que Parnaíba-PI todavía se basa en una política de comercio exterior más decidida, de modo que pueda garantizar que las ganancias de escala se incorporen gradualmente con el tiempo. y que, de hecho, esto se verifica en el contexto del desarrollo económico local.Palabras clave: Balanza comercial. Parnaiba. Exportación. Importación

Effects of Fluoride on Submandibular Glands of Mice: Changes in Oxidative Biochemistry, Proteomic Profile, and Genotoxicity

Although fluoride (F) is well-known to prevent dental caries, changes in cell processes in different tissues have been associated with its excessive exposure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of F exposure on biochemical, proteomic, and genotoxic parameters of submandibular glands. Twenty one old rats (n = 30) were allocated into three groups: 60 days administration of drinking water containing 10 mgF/L, 50 mgF/L, or only deionized water (control). The submandibular glands were collected for oxidative biochemistry, protein expression profile, and genotoxic potential analyses. The results showed that both F concentrations increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and changed the proteomic profile, mainly regarding the cytoskeleton and cellular activity. Only the exposure to 50 mgF/L induced significant changes in DNA integrity. These findings reinforce the importance of continuous monitoring of F concentration in drinking water and the need for strategies to minimize F intake from other sources to obtain maximum preventive/therapeutic effects and avoid potential adverse effects

Piceatannol Increases Antioxidant Defense and Reduces Cell Death in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast under Oxidative Stress

Piceatannol is a resveratrol metabolite that is considered a potent antioxidant and cytoprotector because of its high capacity to chelate/sequester reactive oxygen species. In pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, the imbalance of reactive oxygen species is closely related to the disorder in the cells and may cause changes in cellular metabolism and mitochondrial activity, which is implicated in oxidative stress status or even in cell death. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate piceatannol as cytoprotector in culture of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts through in vitro analyses of cell viability and oxidative stress parameters after oxidative stress induced as an injury simulator. Fibroblasts were seeded and divided into the following study groups: control, vehicle, control piceatannol, H2O2 exposure, and H2O2 exposure combined with the maintenance in piceatannol ranging from 0.1 to 20 µM. The parameters analyzed following exposure were cell viability by trypan blue exclusion test, general metabolism status by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, mitochondrial activity through the ATP production, total antioxidant capacity, and reduced gluthatione. Piceatannol was shown to be cytoprotective due the maintenance of cell viability between 1 and 10 µM even in the presence of H2O2. In a concentration of 0.1 µM piceatannol decreased significantly cell viability but increased cellular metabolism and antioxidant capacity of the fibroblasts. On the other hand, the fibroblasts treated with piceatannol at 1 µM presented low metabolism and antioxidant capacity. However, piceatannol did not protect cells from mitochondrial damage as measured by ATP production. In summary, piceatannol is a potent antioxidant in low concentrations with cytoprotective capacity, but it does not prevent all damage caused by hydrogen peroxide

Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Its Enantiomers Prevent Methemoglobin Formation and DNA Damage Induced by Dapsone Hydroxylamine: Molecular Mechanism and Antioxidant Action

Dapsone (DDS) therapy can frequently lead to hematological side effects, such as methemoglobinemia and DNA damage. In this study, we aim to evaluate the protective effect of racemic alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and its enantiomers on methemoglobin induction. The pre- and post-treatment of erythrocytes with ALA, ALA isomers, or MB (methylene blue), and treatment with DDS-NOH (apsone hydroxylamine) was performed to assess the protective and inhibiting effect on methemoglobin (MetHb) formation. Methemoglobin percentage and DNA damage caused by dapsone and its metabolites were also determined by the comet assay. We also evaluated oxidative parameters such as SOD, GSH, TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and MDA (malondialdehyde). In pretreatment, ALA showed the best protector effect in 2.5 µg/mL of DDS-NOH. ALA (1000 µM) was able to inhibit the induced MetHb formation even at the highest concentrations of DDS-NOH. All ALA tested concentrations (100 and 1000 µM) were able to inhibit ROS and CAT activity, and induced increases in GSH production. ALA also showed an effect on DNA damage induced by DDS-NOH (2.5 µg/mL). Both isomers were able to inhibit MetHb formation and the S-ALA was able to elevate GSH levels by stimulating the production of this antioxidant. In post-treatment with the R-ALA, this enantiomer inhibited MetHb formation and increased GSH levels. The pretreatment with R-ALA or S-ALA prevented the increase in SOD and decrease in TEAC, while R-ALA decreased the levels of MDA; and this pretreatment with R-ALA or S-ALA showed the effect of ALA enantiomers on DNA damage. These data show that ALA can be used in future therapies in patients who use dapsone chronically, including leprosy patients

Influência de polimorfismos nos genes antioxidantes GSTM1, GSTT1 e GSTP1 no desenvolvimento de complicações oftalmológicas em diabéticos tipo 2

Introdução: A Diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) é uma desordem metabólica ocasionada pela disfunção das células beta pancreáticas que interferem na produção de insulina e/ou pela resistência dos órgãos alvos a esse hormônio. Níveis elevados de radicais livres em conjunto com declínio das defesas antioxidantes, presente na DM2, podem ocasionar danos a organelas celulares promovendo complicações da doença. As glutationas S- transferases (GSTs) são as principais enzimas antioxidantes que participam da defesa celular contra o estresse oxidativo e polimorfismos nos genes que codificam essas enzimas podem acarretar no surgimento de complicações oftalmológicas em diabéticos. Este trabalho avaliou a influência dos polimorfismos nos genes GSTs no desenvolvimento de doenças como a catarata e o glaucoma em pacientes com DM2 na Grande Vitória/ES. Metodologia: Os polimorfismos dos genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 foram investigados através da técnica de PCR multiplex. Para o gene GSTP1 utilizou-se a técnica PCR-RFLP. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste exato de Fisher ou o teste do qui-quadrado com P-valor <0.05.  Resultados: Não fora encontrada relação entre os polimorfismos nos genes GSTM1, GSTT1 e GSTP1 e o surgimento de doenças como glaucoma e catarata em pacientes com DM2. Conclusão: Nossos dados sugerem que os polimorfismos nulos nos genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 e o polimorfismo Ile105Val no gene GSTP1 não estão associados com a suscetibilidade individual para o desenvolvimento de complicações oftalmológicas em pacientes com DM2

Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Resveratrol in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of SIRT1

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and neurodegenerative disorder of the cortex and hippocampus, which eventually leads to cognitive impairment. Although the etiology of AD remains unclear, the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in these learning and memory regions is a hallmark of AD. Therefore, the inhibition of Aβ peptide aggregation has been considered the primary therapeutic strategy for AD treatment. Many studies have shown that resveratrol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties and can decrease the toxicity and aggregation of Aβ peptides in the hippocampus of AD patients, promote neurogenesis, and prevent hippocampal damage. In addition, the antioxidant activity of resveratrol plays an important role in neuronal differentiation through the activation of silent information regulator-1 (SIRT1). SIRT1 plays a vital role in the growth and differentiation of neurons and prevents the apoptotic death of these neurons by deacetylating and repressing p53 activity; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Resveratrol also has anti-inflammatory effects as it suppresses M1 microglia activation, which is involved in the initiation of neurodegeneration, and promotes Th2 responses by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and SIRT1 expression. This review will focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of resveratrol, specifically on its role in SIRT1 and the association with AD pathophysiology

Imaging microstructural damage and alveolar bone loss in rats systemically exposed to methylmercury: first experimental evidence

This work was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Pará (FAPESPA), and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação da UFPA (PROPESP, UFPA, Brazil).Federal University of Pará. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará. Institute of Health Sciences. School of Dentistry. Belém, PA, Brazil.Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Oxidative Stress, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Oxidative Stress, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilCytogenetics and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil Exact and Natural Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilLaboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, BrazilLaboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, BrazilThe alveolar bone is an important mineralized structure of the periodontal support apparatus, and information about the methylmercury (MeHg) effects on the structural integrity is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether systemic, chronic, and low-dose exposure to MeHg can change the alveolar bone microstructure of rats. Adult Wistar rats (n = 30) were exposed to 0.04 mg/kg/day of MeHg or vehicle through intragastric gavage. The animals were euthanized after 60 days, and blood samples were collected for trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and comet assays. The mandible of each animal was collected and separated into hemimandibles that were used to determine the total Hg level in the bone and to analyze microstructural damage and alveolar bone loss in terms of trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and exposed root area of the second molars. MeHg exposure triggered oxidative stress in blood represented by lower levels of GSH and TEAC and the increase in LPO and DNA damage of the blood cells. High total Hg levels were found in the alveolar bone, and the microstructural analyses showed a reduction in Tb.N, Tb.Th, and BV/TV, which resulted in an increase in the exposed root area and a decrease in bone height. Long-term MeHg exposure promotes a systemic redox imbalance associated with microstructural changes and alveolar bone loss and may indicate a potential risk indicator for periodontal diseases

Piceatannol Increases Antioxidant Defense and Reduces Cell Death in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast under Oxidative Stress

Piceatannol is a resveratrol metabolite that is considered a potent antioxidant and cytoprotector because of its high capacity to chelate/sequester reactive oxygen species. In pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, the imbalance of reactive oxygen species is closely related to the disorder in the cells and may cause changes in cellular metabolism and mitochondrial activity, which is implicated in oxidative stress status or even in cell death. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate piceatannol as cytoprotector in culture of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts through in vitro analyses of cell viability and oxidative stress parameters after oxidative stress induced as an injury simulator. Fibroblasts were seeded and divided into the following study groups: control, vehicle, control piceatannol, H2O2 exposure, and H2O2 exposure combined with the maintenance in piceatannol ranging from 0.1 to 20 μM. The parameters analyzed following exposure were cell viability by trypan blue exclusion test, general metabolism status by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, mitochondrial activity through the ATP production, total antioxidant capacity, and reduced gluthatione. Piceatannol was shown to be cytoprotective due the maintenance of cell viability between 1 and 10 μM even in the presence of H2O2. In a concentration of 0.1 μM piceatannol decreased significantly cell viability but increased cellular metabolism and antioxidant capacity of the fibroblasts. On the other hand, the fibroblasts treated with piceatannol at 1 μM presented low metabolism and antioxidant capacity. However, piceatannol did not protect cells from mitochondrial damage as measured by ATP production. In summary, piceatannol is a potent antioxidant in low concentrations with cytoprotective capacity, but it does not prevent all damage caused by hydrogen peroxide