Métodos experimentales en el pez cebra (Danio rerio) para la caracterización de genes humanos relacionados con trastornos del neurodesarrollo

Traballo Fin de Graorn Veterinaria. Curso 2020-2021Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo son un grupo de trastornos que se manifiestan en períodos tempranos del desarrollo. Entre ellos se encuentran la discapacidad intelectual y los trastornos del espectro autista, que se solapan con gran frecuencia y en cuya etiología influyen factores genéticos y ambientales. Los análisis realizados para descubrir genes involucrados en la discapacidad intelectual han señalado la implicación de TRIP12, el cual también puede provocar autismo. Para investigar la implicación de TRIP12 en este tipo de trastornos, se realizó un bloqueo transitorio del gen mediante morfolinos en pez cebra, analizando el fenotipo morfológico resultante y la locomoción, y se realizó una validación de genes housekeeping así como del bloqueo transitorio a través de análisis de expresión génica por qPCR. Asimismo, se caracterizaron genotípica y fenotípicamente individuos de una línea mutante en pez cebra de trip12 generada mediante el sistema CRISPR/Cas9. Los resultados del análisis fenotípico de los individuos con bloqueo transitorio del gen revelan diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en la longitud del cuerpo, el diámetro de la cabeza, la distancia del otolito al ojo y el área del ojo, siendo todas las medidas menores en individuos wild type. En relación al análisis fenotípico de los individuos mutantes, existe un aumento estadísticamente significativo respecto a los individuos wild type en todas las medidas (p < 0,05), a excepción del diámetro de la cabeza, que no presenta diferencias en ningún grupo. En cuanto al análisis de locomoción, se detectaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05), presentando los individuos morfantes un menor movimiento que los wild type tanto en condiciones de luz como de oscuridad

Methodology for Tuning MTDC Supervisory and Frequency-Response Control Systems at Terminal Level under Over-Frequency Events

This paper proposes a methodology for tuning a supervisory and frequency-response outer loop control system of a multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) grid designed to transmit o_shore wind energy to an onshore AC grid, and to provide frequency support during over-frequency events. The control structure is based on a master–slave scheme and ensures the achievement of frequency response, with specific implementation of the UK national grid code limited-frequency sensitive (LFSM) and frequency-sensitive (FSM) modes. The onshore AC grid is modelled with an equivalent frequency-response model to simulate the onshore AC grid dynamics under frequency deviations. The main innovation of this paper is the development of a methodology for tuning simultaneously two hierarchical levels of a MTDC coordinated control structure, i.e., the MTDC supervisor, given by the active power set point for slave terminal, and the slope of frequency-response functions at onshore terminals. Based on these two hierarchical levels, di_erent strategies are evaluated in terms of frequency peak reductions and change of the frequency order type. Moreover, tuning guidance is given when a di_erent MTDC control structure or di_erent synchronous generator characteristics of the onshore AC grid are considered.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (project ENE2016-79145-R AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Basque Government (project KK-2017/00083, and research group GISEL, grant number IT1083-16

On the tuning of fractional order resonant controllers for a voltage source converter in a weak AC grid context

This paper proposes a method for tuning the fractional exponent of different types of fractional order resonant controllers for a voltage source converter in a weak AC grid context. The main objective is to ensure the stability of the controlled system in a weak AC grid environment and to achieve an adequate dynamic response under disturbances. Therefore, six commonly used integer order proportional resonant (PR) control structures are selected from the literature and compared with each other according to their frequency behaviour. Afterwards, a rational approximation for the fractional order term is selected based on continuous fraction expansion technique. The inclusion of a fractional exponent in each integer order PR structure generates the fractional order proportional resonant (FPR) control transfer functions. Once the FPR controllers have been obtained, their closed-loop responses are tested via eigenvalue trajectory analysis. For each FPR control structure, a range of the fractional exponent that ensures stability is obtained. The conclusions of eigenvalue trajectory analysis are tested by implementing the FPR control structures in an specific application consisting in a modular multi-level converter (MMC) connected to a weak AC grid with adjustable short-circuit ratio. By means of time-domain simulations, not only the previous eigenvalue analyses are validated, but also new tuning criteria are given for the fractional exponent in combination with other control parameters, such as the damping frequency and the inductance of the complementary feedback branch. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis of the tuning criteria is carried out for other sizes of the AC filter inductance.This work was supported by the Basque Government through the Project of Research Group GISEL under Grant IT1083-16. Besides, TECNALIA is a ‘‘CERVERA Technology Centre of Excellence’’ recognised by the Ministry of Science and Innovation

Zona Pellucida sperm-binding protein 3 receptor distribution during Gopc−/− globozoospermic spermatogenesis

[EN] Globozoospermia is a type of teratozoospermia characterized by round morphology of the sperm head. Gopc(-/-) infertile globozoospermic murine model has failures during spermiogenesis, such as the incorrect biogenesis of the acrosome, disorganized acroplaxome and manchette, round nuclei and spiral flagella. In this study, Western blot, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunogold were done for the localization of the acrosome protein Zona Pellucida sperm-binding protein 3 receptor (ZP3R), also called sp56, in wild type and Gopc(-/-) mice testis. The ZP3R protein was located in the acrosome and pseudo-acrosome vesicles of wild type and Gopc(-/-) mice, respectively. Also, it is distributed through the cytoplasm of the haploid spermatids only. The incorrect spermiogenesis of Gopc(-/-) mice causes a deregulation in the expression of ZP3R in the globozoospermic spermatids. Our results suggest that although the lack of GOPC causes a failure during the transport of the pre-acrosomal vesicles, the acrosome protein ZP3R is localized in the acrosome and is distributed through the cytoplasm only during spermiogenesis. Furthermore, the failure in spermiogenesis does not impair the synthesis of ZP3R and its localization in the pre-acrosomal vesicles.Mrs. C. Tobillas and Mrs. M.J. Fernández contributed to sample preparation. We thank Mrs. M.J. Aldasoro for her support in the office work. This work was supported by grants from the UPV/EHU (EHUA13/15 and UFI 11/44)

Energy and Cost Analysis of an Integrated Photovoltaic and Heat Pump Domestic System Considering Heating and Cooling Demands

The integration of photovoltaic panels and heat pumps in domestic environments is a topic that has been studied extensively. Due to their electrical nature and the presence of elements that add thermal inertia to the system (water tanks and the building itself), the functioning of compression heat pumps can be manipulated to try to fulfill a certain objective. In this paper, following a rule-based control concept that has been identified in commercial solutions and whose objective is to improve the self-consumption of the system by actively modulating the heat pump compressor, a parametric analysis is presented. By making use of a lab-tested model, the performance of the implemented control algorithm is analyzed. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and quantify the effects of the main parameters in the performance of the system, namely the climate (conditioning both heating and cooling demands), the photovoltaic installation size, the thermal insulation of the building and the control activation criteria. A total of 168 yearly simulations have been carried out. The results show that the average improvement in self-consumption is around 13%, while the cost is reduced by 2.5%. On the other hand, the heat from the heat pump and the power consumed increase by 3.7% and 5.2%, respectively. Finally, a linear equation to estimate the performance of the controller is proposed.This publication is part of the R+D+i project PID2021-126739OB-C22, financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A way of making Europe”. Also, it has been financed by the Basque Business Development Agency (SPRI) in the 2020–2022 period in the projects ZL-2020-00379, ZL-2021-00225 and ZL-2022-00644 (BEROGRID); and by the Basque Government under the BIKAINTEK 2019 program

Grid sequence detector based on a stationary reference frame

This paper proposes a new three-phase positive sequence detector. The scheme is based on a stationary reference frame and a Moving Average Filter (MAF) that guarantees the complete cancellation of harmonics and grid imbalances. The performance of the MAF is mathematically analyzed and a proper selection of the optimal filter’s window width is realized. The proposed detector operates in open loop and there is no PI controller to be tuned. Thus, the dynamic response and simplicity is improved compared to other solutions. Performance of the proposed detector is verified through simulation and experiment. It shows very good performance under extreme grid voltage conditions, allowing fast detection of the grid voltage positive sequence (within one grid voltage cycle).Postprint (published version

Grid sequence detector based on a stationary reference frame

This paper proposes a new three-phase positive sequence detector. The scheme is based on a stationary reference frame and a Moving Average Filter (MAF) that guarantees the complete cancellation of harmonics and grid imbalances. The performance of the MAF is mathematically analyzed and a proper selection of the optimal filter’s window width is realized. The proposed detector operates in open loop and there is no PI controller to be tuned. Thus, the dynamic response and simplicity is improved compared to other solutions. Performance of the proposed detector is verified through simulation and experiment. It shows very good performance under extreme grid voltage conditions, allowing fast detection of the grid voltage positive sequence (within one grid voltage cycle).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Value of green hydrogen when curtailed to provide grid balancing services

This paper evaluates the potential of grid services in France, Italy, Norway and Spain to provide an alternative income for electrolysers producing hydrogen from wind power. Grid services are simulated with each country's data for 2017 for energy prices, grid services and wind power profiles from relevant wind parks. A novel metric is presented, the value of curtailed hydrogen, which is independent from several highly uncertain parameters such as electrolyser cost or hydrogen market price. Results indicate that grid services can monetise the unused spare capacity of electrolyser plants, improving their economy in the critical deployment phase. For most countries, up-regulation yields a value of curtailed hydrogen above 6 €/kg, over 3 times higher than the EU's 2030 price target (without incentives). However, countries with large hydro power resources such as Norway yield far lower results, below 2 €/kg. The value of curtailed hydrogen also decreases with hydrogen production, corresponding to the cases of symmetric and down-regulation.This publication has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 779469. Any contents herein reflect solely the authors' view. The FCH 2JU and the European Commission are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information herein contained. TECNALIA is a “CERVERA Technology Centre of Excellence” recognised by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The authors wish to thanks Stefano Rossi of ARERA for his advices on the Italian energy market and regulation aspects

A Straightforward Methodology to Obtain the Power Coefficients Matrices for Unbalanced Distribution Networks to be Used in Flexibility Markets

The objective of the paper is to address the congestion problem in a specific distribution line by means of sensitivity coefficients seeking an intelligent a ctivation of t he available flexibility, based not only on economic a spects but also on the efficient use of flexibility. This paper proposes a straightforward methodology to obtain the sensitivity coefficient matrices for the unbalanced distribution networks, employing the perturb-and-observe (P & O) approach to assure an efficient usage of flexible resources. This means that a small change in the active power value of a particular flexibility provider, either load or generator, is applied to evaluate the power variation, therefore the loading variation, in every line of the system. The paper shows how these coefficients can be implemented in at heoretical energy market by the market operators by validating its application in an unbalanced network case and then compared with a real balanced distribution network. The simulations have been carried out in DIgSILENT PowerFactory through its API in Python.H2020, 824414, CoordiNe