Le diagnostic rapide de pré-aménagement (Diarpa) : Un outil d'aide à l'aménagement des zones de bas-fonds

En Afrique sub-saharienne, les bas-fonds représentent un potentiel important pour une agriculture sécurisée et diversifiée. Cependant, les aménagements de bas-fonds sont souvent jugés peu opérationnels par les utilisateurs. Pour permettre une meilleure adaptation aux besoins des populations et aux contraintes du milieu, un outil d'aide à la décision, le diagnostic rapide de pré-aménagement, Diarpa, a été mis au point afin de définir le type et les caractéristiques des aménagements. Il s'appuie sur sept indicateurs qui sont, soit mesurés sur le site (perméabilité des sols, profondeur de l'horizon imperméable, pente longitudinale du bas-fond, profil de l'axe d'écoulement, écoulements de base, dynamique de la nappe), soit calculés (crue décennale rapportée à la largeur du bas-fond). Une clé d'utilisation de ces indicateurs permet de recommander le type d'aménagement le plus adapté. Le coût peut être évalué à partir des indicateurs ayant une incidence directe (débit de crue, largeur et pente du bas-fond) et intégré dans une analyse socio-économique tenant compte des impacts attendus et de la capacité des bénéficiaires à supporter les investissements et les charges récurrentes. Le Diarpa a été validé au sud du Mali pour les digues déversantes ; dans la zone soudanienne, c'est un outil opérationnel pour la planification des programmes de mise en valeur des bas-fonds et pour le choix de l'aménagement. (Résumé d'auteur

La Leucémie Myéloïde Chronique Pédiatrique: Une Entité Très Rare Au Service d’Hématologie De Yopougon

Contexte: La leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) est un syndrome myéloprolifératif dû à une prolifération myéloïde monoclonale prédominant sur la lignée granuleuse. Son pronostic a été amélioré par l’avènement des inhibiteurs de la tyrosine kinase. Elle survient le plus souvent chez l’adulte jeune. Les auteurs rapportent un cas clinique chez un enfant de 6 ans. Présentation de cas: Il s’agissait d’un enfant de 6 ans, de sexe masculin, référé en consultation en hématologie pour splénomégalie volumineuse évoluant depuis 3 mois. L’hémogramme a montré une hyperleucocytose à 282 Giga/L avec myélémie importante et polymorphe une anémie à 66 g/l et une thrombocytose à 870G/L. L’examen cytogénétique a retrouvé le chromosome Philadelphie sans anomalie additionnelle. Le traitement par imatinib mesylate a pu être débuté. Conclusion: La leucémie myéloïde chronique est certes rare chez l’enfant mais les praticiens doivent y penser devant une hyperleucytose importante persistente. Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative syndrome due to monoclonal myeloid proliferation predominant over the granular line. His prognosis was improved by the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It occurs most often in young adults. The authors report the clinical case of a 6-year-old child because of its rarity. Case report: This was a 6-year-old male child, referred in hematology consultation for persistent of large splenomegaly. The hemogram showed hyperleucocytosis at 282 Giga/L with large myelemia and polymorphic anemia at 66 g/l and thrombocytosis at 870 G/L. the cytogenetic analyse found the Philadelphia chromosome without additional anomaly. The treatment with imatinib mesylate has therefore begun. Conclusion: Although the CML is uncommon at young people, but practicians must think about it when we have an important hyperleucocytosis

Child mortality in a West African population protected with insecticide-treated curtains for a period of up to 6 years

Objectives To determine the impact of insecticide-treated curtains (ITC) on all-cause child mortality (6–59 months) over a period of six years. To determine whether initial reductions in child mortality following the implementation of ITC are sustained over the longer term or whether “delayed” mortality occurs. Methods A rural population of ca 100 000 living in an area with high, seasonal Plasmodium falciparum transmission was studied in Burkina Faso. Annual censuses were conducted from 1993 to 2000 to measure child mortality. ITC to cover doors, windows, and eaves were provided to half the population in 1994 with the remainder receiving ITC in 1996. Curtains were re-treated or, if necessary, replaced annually. Findings Over six years of implementation of ITC, no evidence of the shift in child mortality from younger to older children was observed. Estimates of the reduction in child mortality associated with ITC ranged from 19% to 24%. Conclusions In our population there was no evidence to suggest that initial reduction in child mortality associated with the introduction of insecticide-treated materials was subsequently compromised by a shift in child mortality to older-aged children. Estimates of the impact of ITC on child mortality in this population range from 19% to 24%. Keywords Malaria/epidemiology/mortality; Bedding and linens/utilization/statistics; Child, Preschool; Infant mortality; Plasmodium falciparum/immunology; Malaria, Falciparum/prevention and control/transmission; Anopheles; Mosquito control; Permethrin; Remission induction; Age factors; Regression analysis; Incidence; Survival rate; Randomized controlled trials; Burkina Faso/epidemiology (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots clés Paludisme/épidémiologie/mortalité; Literie et linge/utilisation/statistique; Enfant âge pré-scolaire; Mortalité nourrisson; Plasmodium falciparum/immunologie; Paludisme plasmodium falciparum/prévention et contrôle/transmission; Anophèles; Lutte contre moustique; Perméthrine; Traitement induction rémission; Facteur âge; Analyse régression; Incidence; Taux survie; Essai clinique randomisé; Burkina Faso/épidémiologie (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Paludismo/epidemiología/mortalidad; Ropa de cama y ropa blanca/utilización/estadística; Infante; Mortalidad infantil; Plasmodium falciparum/inmunología; Paludismo falciparum/prevención y control/ transmisión; Anopheles; Control de mosquitos; Permetrina; Inducción de remisión; Factores de edad; Análisis de regresión; Incidencia; Tasa de supervivencia; Ensayos controlados aleatorios; Burkina Faso/epidemiología (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2004;82:85-91

Distribution of bovine Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1885) in the district des Savanes, northern Côte d'Ivoire

Fascioliasis, caused by an infection with liver flukes of the genus Fasciola, is an important disease of livestock in most parts of the world. However, little is known about the distribution of fascioliasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We report results of a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in the district des Savanes in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire. We obtained 275 livers from bovine suspected with fascioliasis and 51 unsuspected livers from 24 slaughterhouses. Livers were dissected using a standard operating procedure and all Fasciola gigantica flukes were removed from the tissues of the liver and the biliary ducts. We found F. gigantica in 125 livers from bovines suspected with fascioliasis (45.5%) in 10 departments of the district des Savanes. Among the unsuspected livers, five were positive for F. gigantica (9.8%). The distribution of fascioliasis showed considerable spatial heterogeneity, both at regional (ranging from 18.0% to 52.3%) and departmental level (ranging from 14.3% to 64.0%). Poro region was the most affected (52.3%) with a relatively homogeneous distribution. The departments most affected by fascioliasis were M'Bengue (64.0%), Sinematiali (62.1%) and Ferkessedougou (52.9%). Our study confirms that fascioliasis is an important veterinary disease in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire, and hence, high-risk areas need to be targeted for prevention and control measures

Etude de la cinétique de l’hémolyse dans les poches de concentrés érythrocytaires des donneurs de sanghétérozygotes AS et son implication transfusionnelle

Introduction: Le don de sang par le sujet drépanocytaire hétérozygote AS constitue un champ d’investigation peu exploré.Objectif: Contribuer à la définition des conditions du don de sang par les sujets AS.Methodologie: Il s’agissait d’une étude prospective horizontale qui s’est déroulée au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS) à Abidjan-Treichville sur une durée de 02 mois d’octobre 2010 à novembre 2010. Nous avons sélectionné 11 donneurs AS dans une population de donneurs de sang réguliers et 11 donneurs témoins AA. Tous répondaient aux critères d’ap tude au don. Une Numération Formule Sanguine (NFS) et un dosage de la kaliémie ont été réalisés à Jour 0 Jour 10 Jour 20 et Jour 30. Les dosages ont été faits de façon comparative.Resultats: Le taux d’hémoglobine moyen de nos donneurs avant le don était supérieur ou égal à 12g/dl. On observait une diminution du taux d’hémoglobine dans le temps à par r de Jour 10 chez les AS. Chez les AA, après une diminution brève à Jour 10, le taux restait stable dans le temps. Le poids moyen en hémoglobine des poches issues de donneurs AS était proche des normes de production des Concentrés de Globules Rouges à Jour 0 et Jour 10 mais le poids baissait à partir de Jour 20. Le poids en hémoglobine des poches AS était inférieur à celui des poches AA. La kaliémie augmentait dans le temps, ceci traduisait indirectement l’hémolyse. Cette augmentation de la kaliémie était paradoxalement plus importante chez les AA que les AS.Conclusion: Cette étude montre une cinétique de l’hémolyse plus importante dans les poches AS à partir de Jour 10.Mots Clés: Cinétique, Hémolyse, Trait drépanocytaireEnglish AbstractEnglish Title: Study of the kinetics of hemolysis in red cell concentrated blood units from heterogenous AS sickle cell blood donors and its transfusion implication.Introduction: Blood donation from heterogeneous AS sickle cell donors represents a little explored field of research.Objective: To contribute to define of blood donation conditions by AS subjects.Methodology: This was a prospective and cross-sectional study held at the National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS) Abidjan-Treichville over a period of 02 months from October 2010 to November 2010. We selected 11 AS donors in a population of repeat blood donors and 11 AA donors who served as controls. All met the suitability criteria for donation. A full blood count (FBC) and a monitoring of serum potassium were done at Day 0, Day 10 Day 20 and Day 30. The results of assays were done compared.Results: The mean hemoglobin levels of our donors before donation was greater than or equal to 12g / dl. We observed a decrease in hemoglobin levels over the me from Day 10 in AS. In AA, after a brief decline at Day 10, the rate remained stable over the time. The average weight of hemoglobin AS donors in blood bags was close to those of standards of Red Cell Concentrates on Day 0 and Day 10 but the weight felt from Day 20. Weights of hemoglobin AS blood bags were lower than those of AA. Serum potassium levels increased over the time, it indirectly reflected hemolysis. The increase in serum potassium was paradoxically higher in the AA than in AS blood units.Conclusion: This study shows that hemolysis kinetic is more important in AS blood units from Day 10

In situ production of shoots derived from plantain strain-suckers by stimulation with cytokinin substances

Plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L., AAB genomic group) is a useful supplement to the nutritional balance of populations in developing countries. The objective of this study was to improve the multiplication rate of in situ plantain (Musa x paradisiaca L.) seeds through the supply of substances with cytokinin activity. Suckers of 10 cm height and related to the parent plant, called strain-suckers, were used to produce shoots. The pseudo-trunk of plantain tree was decorticated, then the apical meristem extracted. Four milliliters of each substance (6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)\ua0; Kin\ue9tine and Coconut water) were introduced in the cavity left by the extracted meristem. For each substances, the effect of the diameter of first-generation strain-suckers (d < 9; 9 < d < 12 cm and d > 12 cm) was tested. This operation was repeated once so as to have the second and third generations. BAP induced the highest number of buds after three generations. The optimal concentration of BAP was 40 mg L-1. Similarly, all concentrations of coconut water stimulated production of seedlings. Among different diameters of strain-suckers, the largest number of buds was induced with strain-suckers larger than 9 cm in diameter. The production of leafy shoots varied greatly, depending on the solutions tested and the size of strain-suckers used. After 3 to 4 months, seedlings obtained were ready to be transferred in the field.L\u2019objectif principal de la pr\ue9sente \ue9tude est d\u2019am\ue9liorer le taux de multiplication des semences in situ de bananier plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L.) par apport de substances \ue0 activit\ue9 cytokinine. Les rejets ba\uefonnettes de plus de 10 cm de haut et li\ue9s \ue0 la plante m\ue8re ont \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9pertori\ue9s et appel\ue9s souche-rejets. Le pseudo tronc de ces derniers a \ue9t\ue9 d\ue9cortiqu\ue9 puis le m\ue9rist\ue8me apical extrait. Dans la cavit\ue9 laiss\ue9e par l\u2019extraction du m\ue9rist\ue8me, 4 ml des solutions de Benzylaminopurine (BAP)\ua0; de Kin\ue9tine (Kin) ou de l\u2019eau de coco y ont \ue9t\ue9 introduites. Cette op\ue9ration a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9p\ue9t\ue9e de sorte \ue0 disposer des rejets de deuxi\ue8me et troisi\ue8me g\ue9n\ue9ration. La substance induisant le plus grand nombre de bourgeons a ensuite \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9e pour tester diff\ue9rents diam\ue8tres de rejets (d < 9 cm\ua0; 9 < d < 12 cm et d > 12 cm). La BAP a permis d\u2019induire le plus grand nombre de bourgeons apr\ue8s trois g\ue9n\ue9rations. La concentration optimale de BAP a \ue9t\ue9 de 40 mg L-1. De m\ueame, le lait de coco a permis de stimuler la production de plantules. Parmi les diff\ue9rents diam\ue8tres de rejets, le nombre moyen le plus important de bourgeons a \ue9t\ue9 induit avec les rejets de diam\ue8tre sup\ue9rieur \ue0 9 cm. La production de pousses feuill\ue9es a vari\ue9 fortement selon les solutions test\ue9es et la taille des rejets utilis\ue9s. Au bout de 3 \ue0 4 mois les plantules obtenues sont pr\ueates \ue0 \ueatre transf\ue9r\ue9es au champ

Characterization of West and Central African accessions from a pearl millet reference collection for agro-morphological traits and Striga resistance

To promote the utilization of West and Central African (WCA) genetic resources of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], this study aimed at agro-morphological characterization of selected accessions from the pearl millet reference collection, established by the Generation Challenge Program and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). A total of 81 accessions were included, comprising 78 landraces originating from 13, predominantly WCA countries and three improved cultivars. All 81 accessions were evaluated together with 18 checks for resistance to the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in an artificially infested field at one location in Niger. Determined by available seed quantity, 74 accessions were characterized together with seven checks in the rainy season 2009 in field trials under low-input and fertilized conditions in Nigeria, Niger and Mali, respectively. Wide ranges were observed for various traits. Several accessions were identified as sources for specific traits of interest, i.e. long panicles, high-grain density, earliness, Striga resistance and stable yielding across environments. The observed yield inferiority of all Genebank accessions compared with checks may indicate lost adaptation or inbreeding depression due to an insufficient effective population size during multiplication. A principal component analysis revealed an immense diversity but also strong admixture among the tested accessions, i.e. there were no clearly distinct groups. The seed of all genotypes is available from ICRISAT. The online availability of the characterization data is expected to facilitate efficient use of these pearl millet accessions by breeding programmes in WCA and worldwide

The Effect of Imatinib Mesylate for Newly Diagnosed Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive, Chronic-Phase Myeloid Leukemia in Sub-Saharan African Patients: The Experience of Côte d'Ivoire

Imatinib mesylate, showed encouraging activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, there are few data regarding his efficacy and response monitoring in Sub-Saharan African patients. Our objective was to assess response to imatinib mesylate (Glivec) in Côte d'Ivoire patients with newly diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). From May 2005 to September 2009, we treated 42 patients (40 years; range 16–69) with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) positive in chronic phase CML with oral imatinib mesylate at daily doses of 400 mg. Overall survival (OS) and frequency of complete or major cytogenetic remission (CCR/MCR) were evaluated. At a median follow up of 32 (range 7.6–113) months, the CHR rate in our study group was 76%. A major CR was found in 19 patients (45%) with 17% and 29% complete and partial CR respectively. There were no significant differences in the incidence of major cytogenetic response by known prognostics factors. Median time to CHR was 8 months (range 0.4–25), and 16 months (range: 0.1–36) for CR. Projected 5-year OS rate was 72% (95%CI 42–88). We conclude that imatinib therapy sub-Saharan African CML patients is very promising and has favorably changed the prognosis for black African patients with CML