Test results of a 60 volt bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery

In July, l986, a high-voltage nickel-hydrogen battery was assembled at the NASA Lewis Research Center. This battery incorporated bipolar construction techniques to build a 50-cell stack with approximately 1.0 A-hr capacity (C) and an open-circuit voltage of 65 V. The battery was characterized at both low and high current rates prior to pulsed and nonpulsed discharges. Pulse discharges at 5 and 10 C were performed before placing the battery on over 1400, 40% depth-of-discharge, low-earth-orbit cycles. The successful demonstration of a high-voltage bipolar battery in one containment vessel has advanced the technology to where nickel-hydrogen high-voltage systems can be constructed of several modules instead of hundreds of individual cells

Component variations and their effects on bipolar nickel-hydrogen cell performance

A 50 cell bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery was assembled to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a high voltage stack of cells. Various component combinations were tested in this battery. The battery had approximately 1 ampere-hour of capacity and was constructed from components with an active area of 2" X 2". The components were parametrically varied to give a comparison of nickel electrodes, hydrogen electrodes, separators, fill procedures and electrolyte reservoir plate thicknesses. Groups of five cells were constructed using the same components; ten combinations were tested in all. The battery was thoroughly characterized at various change and discharge rates as well as with various pulse patterns and rates. Over a period of 1400 40% DOD LEO cycles some of the groups began to exhibit performance differences. In general, only separator variations had a significant effect on cell performance. It also appears that shunt currents may have been operating within the stack, resulting in electrolyte transfer from one cell to another, thus contributing to cell performance variations

Las pr?cticas pedag?gicas de los docentes de grado quinto de las instituciones educativas ?T?cnica Ambiental Combeima del municipio de Ibagu?? y ?Oreste Sindici del municipio de Nilo, Cundinamarca?

126 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEl presente documento acad?mico presenta el desarrollo de una investigaci?n basada en evidenciar c?mo contribuyen las pr?cticas pedag?gicas a la formaci?n del sujeto y a la construcci?n del saber de los estudiantes del grado Quinto de B?sica Primaria de la I.E. T?cnica Ambiental Combeima de Ibagu? y de la I.E.D. "Oreste Sindici" de Nilo Cundinamarca, cuyos resultados nos muestran c?mo influyen los modelos pedag?gicos, los recursos did?cticos, el ambiente escolar y las estrategias pedag?gicas en el proceso de ense?anza- aprendizaje, adem?s de la importancia que tiene la interacci?n con los estudiantes para lograr resultados satisfactorios. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del tipo de investigaci?n cualitativa con un enfoque exploratorio - descriptivo, se fundamenta en tres estrategias primordiales para la recolecci?n de datos, la observaci?n no participante, la entrevista semiestructurada dirigida a docentes y una encuesta dirigida a estudiantes consta de una muestra de 9 docentes como fuente de informaci?n directa quienes ofrecieron la informaci?n pertinente para realizar la investigaci?n. En lo concerniente a las pr?cticas pedag?gicas, a la formaci?n del sujeto y a la construcci?n del saber de los estudiantes del grado quinto de b?sica primaria de las Instituciones Educativas ya mencionadas, se evidenci? que, los docentes de las dos Instituciones investigadas carecen de condiciones para promover acciones propias de acompa?amiento en la formaci?n de los estudiantes y al mismo tiempo de la transformaci?n del saber.ABSTRACT. The present academic document presents the development of a research that tries to demonstrate how pedagogical practices contribute to the formation of the subject and to the construction of the knowledge of fifth grade students of the Institute T?cnica Ambiental Combeima of Ibagu? and the ?Oreste Sindici? Institute of Nilo Cundinamarca, whose results reveal us how the pedagogical models, the didactic resources, the school environment, and the pedagogical strategies have influence on the learning process, besides the importance that interaction has in achieving satisfactory academic results. This work is framed within the qualitative research model with an exploratory-descriptive approach. It is based on three primordial strategies for the data collection: the non-participative observation, semi-structured interviews directed to school teachers, and a survey applied to students. It is constituted of a nine teachers sample as a direct information source who offered the data to develop this research. In relation to the pedagogical practices, the subject formation, and the construction of knowledge of the students from these institutes, it was clearly evidenced that the teachers lack of the suitable conditions to promote proper accompanying actions for the students? formation, and at the same time, for the transformation of knowledge.INTRODUCCI?N 13 1. OBJETIVOS 15 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 15 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 15 2. JUSTIFICACI?N 16 3. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 20 4. MARCO TE?RICO 23 4.1 MARCO ESPECIAL 23 4.1.1 Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica Ambiental Combeima 23 4.1.2 Instituci?n Educativa Departamental Oreste Sindici 24 4.2 MARCO REFRENCIAL 27 4.2.1 Educaci?n 27 4.2.2 Pr?ctica Pedag?gica 33 4.2.3 Praxis y Pr?ctica Pedag?gica 37 4.2.4 Las Pr?cticas Pedag?gicas y los Modelos Pedag?gicos 39 4.2.4.1 Enfoque Tradicionalista 41 4.2.4.2 Enfoque Tecnol?gico 41 4.2.4.3 Enfoque Constructivista 42 4.2.5 Elementos de la Pr?ctica Pedag?gica 42 4.2.6 Interacci?n Docente-Estudiante 46 4.2.6.1 Autenticidad en el Facilitador del Aprendizaje 46 4.2.6.2 Aprecio, Aceptaci?n, Confianza 47 4.2.6.3 Comprensi?n Emp?tica 47 5. TIPO DE INVESTIGACI?N 49 6. ENFOQUE 50 7. DISE?O METODOL?GICO 52 7.1 POBLACI?N 53 7.2 SELECCI?N DE LA MUESTRA 53 8. PROCEDIMIENTO E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCI?N DE DATOS 55 8.1 PROCEDIMIENTO 55 8.2 INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCI?N DE DATOS 55 8.2.1 Observaci?n no Participante 55 8.2.2 Entrevistas Semiestructuradas 56 8.2.3 Encuesta Dirigida a Estudiantes 56 8.3 TRIANGULACI?N DE LA INFORMACI?N 57 9. AN?LISIS E INTERPRETACI?N DE LOS RESULTADOS 59 9.1 CONCEPTO DE PR?CTICA PEDAG?GICA 59 9.2 INTERACCI?N CON LOS ESTUDIANTES 61 9.3 MODELO PEDAG?GICO 64 9.4 APRENDIZAJE ESCOLAR 66 9.5 ESTRATEGIAS PEDAG?GICAS 68 10. CRONOGRAMA 70 11. CONCLUSIONES 71 RECOMENDACIONES 73 REFERENCIAS 7

Carbon in global waste and wastewater flows – its potential as energy source under alternative future waste management regimes

This study provides a quantification of the maximum energy that can be generated from global waste and wastewater sectors in the timeframe to 2050, as well as of the potential limitations introduced by different future waste and wastewater management regimes. Results show that considerable amounts of carbon are currently stored in waste materials without being recovered for recycling or made available for energy generation. Future levels of energy recovery when maintaining current states of waste and wastewater management systems are contrasted with those that can be attained under a circular system identified here as a system with successful implementation of food and plastic waste reduction policies, maximum recycling rates of all different types of waste streams, and once the recycling capacity is exhausted, incineration of remaining materials to produce energy. Moreover, biogas is assumed to be produced from anaerobic codigestion of food and garden wastes, animal manure, and anaerobically treated wastewater. Finally, we explore the limits for energy generation from waste and wastewater sources should the efficiency of energy recovery be pushed further through development of existing technology. We find that global implementation of such an ideal system could increase the relative contribution of waste and wastewater sources to global energy demand from 2% to 9% by 2040, corresponding to a maximum energy potential of 64 EJ per year. This would however require widespread adoption of policies and infrastructure that stimulate and allow for large-scale waste prevention and separation, as well as highly advanced treatment processes. Giving priority to such efforts would enable circularity of the waste-energy system

Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-28 from 2005 to 2050: GAINS model methodology

This report presents the GAINS model methodology for the 2016 Reference scenario for emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), mitigation potentials and costs in the EU-28 with projections to 2050. The non-CO2 emission scenarios form part of the work under the EUCLIMIT2 project1. The project aims at producing projections for all emissions of GHGs in the EU-28 consistent with the macroeconomic and population projections presented in EC/DG ECFIN (2015). Four modelling groups were involved in the work: PRIMES (National Technical University of Athens), CAPRI (Bonn University), GLOBIOM (IIASA-ESM program) and GAINS (IIASA-MAG program). This report focuses on describing the methodology of the GAINS model for the estimation of the non-CO2 GHGs, i.e., methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (F-gases) viz. hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The report is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the general GAINS methodology for estimating draft non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions for EU-28. Sections 3, 4 and 5 describe in detail the methodology applied for estimation of emissions by source for CH4, N2O and Fgases, respectively. Finally, Section 6 provides a comparison between emissions reported by member states to the UNFCCC for years 2005 and 2010 and the emissions estimated by the GAINS model for the same years

Photofission of heavy nuclei at energies up to 4 GeV

Total photofission cross sections for 238U, 235U, 233U, 237Np, 232Th, and natPb have been measured simultaneously, using tagged photons in the energy range Egamma=0.17-3.84 GeV. This was the first experiment performed using the Photon Tagging Facility in Hall B at Jefferson Lab. Our results show that the photofission cross section for 238U relative to that for 237Np is about 80%, implying the presence of important processes that compete with fission. We also observe that the relative photofission cross sections do not depend strongly on the incident photon energy over this entire energy range. If we assume that for 237Np the photofission probability is equal to unity, we observe a significant shadowing effect starting below 1.5 GeV.Comment: 4 pages of RevTex, 6 postscript figures, Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Alterations in executive functions in inmates convicted for violent behavior: a systematic review

BackgroundThe growth of the prison population and the high recidivism rates of inmates represent a major public safety problem.ObjectiveThis systematic review explored executive functions in inmates convicted of violent behavior compared with inmates convicted of non-violent behavior and healthy controls (HCs).MethodsSystematic searches were carried out using five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Embase) until March 6th, 2023. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, two reviewers independently performed the screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment of the 8 studies included. The protocol of this study was registered in Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under registration number CRD42021252043.ResultsConsistently, inmates convicted of violent behavior exhibited a greater alteration in inhibition than inmates convicted of non-violent behavior (four out of four studies) and HCs (two out of two studies). In addition, inmates convicted of violent behavior showed greater impairments in cognitive flexibility (two out of three studies) and working memory (two out of three studies) than HCs. Although with limited evidence (only one study), they also showed worse performance in set shifting and planning than HCs.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of alterations in inhibition in inmates convicted of violent behavior compared to inmates convicted of non-violent behavior and HCs. Even though inmates convicted of violent behavior showed greater impairments in planning and set shifting than HCs, these findings were supported in only one study. In general, more robust evidence is needed to confirm alterations in inmates convicted due to violent behavior. These findings highlight the importance of designing and promoting specific cognitive interventions that contribute to the reintegration of inmates into society.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021252043, identifier CRD42021252043

Alterations in executive functions in inmates convicted for violent behavior : a systematic review

The growth of the prison population and the high recidivism rates of inmates represent a major public safety problem. This systematic review explored executive functions in inmates convicted of violent behavior compared with inmates convicted of non-violent behavior and healthy controls (HCs). Systematic searches were carried out using five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Embase) until March 6th, 2023. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, two reviewers independently performed the screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment of the 8 studies included. The protocol of this study was registered in Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under registration number CRD42021252043. Consistently, inmates convicted of violent behavior exhibited a greater alteration in inhibition than inmates convicted of non-violent behavior (four out of four studies) and HCs (two out of two studies). In addition, inmates convicted of violent behavior showed greater impairments in cognitive flexibility (two out of three studies) and working memory (two out of three studies) than HCs. Although with limited evidence (only one study), they also showed worse performance in set shifting and planning than HCs. This study provides evidence of alterations in inhibition in inmates convicted of violent behavior compared to inmates convicted of non-violent behavior and HCs. Even though inmates convicted of violent behavior showed greater impairments in planning and set shifting than HCs, these findings were supported in only one study. In general, more robust evidence is needed to confirm alterations in inmates convicted due to violent behavior. These findings highlight the importance of designing and promoting specific cognitive interventions that contribute to the reintegration of inmates into society

Prevention and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

Conducting randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is challenging. This systematic review aims to summarise the design and findings of RCTs in the prevention and management of idiosyncratic DILI. A systematic literature search up to January 31st, 2020 was performed. Recognised scales were used to assess methodological bias and quality of the studies. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistic. Overall, 22 RCTs were included: 12 on prevention (n = 2,471 patients) and 10 in management (n = 797) of DILI/non-acetaminophen DILI-related acute liver failure (ALF). Silymarin (eight studies), bicyclol (four), magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (three), N-acetylcysteine (three), tiopronin (one), L-carnitine (one), and traditional Chinese medicines (two) were tested in the intervention arm, while control arm mostly received standard supportive care or placebo. Main efficacy criteria in the prevention RCTs was DILI incidence or peak of liver enzymes value. In management RCTs, the efficacy parameter was usually 50 % decrease or normalisation of liver enzymes, or survival rate in DILI-related ALF patients. Overall, 15 trials described the randomisation method, eight were double-blind (n = 672) and nine had sample size esti- mation (n = 880). Four RCTs involving 377 patients used an intention-to-treat analysis. Based on the scarce number of trials available, tested agents showed limited efficacy in DILI prevention and management and a favourable safety profile. In conclusion, heterogeneity among studies in DILI case qualification and methodologic quality was evident, and the RCTs performed demonstrated limited efficacy of specific interventions. Interna- tional research networks are needed to establish a framework on RCTs design and therapeutic endpoints.This work was supported by grants of Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional - FEDER (contract numbers: PI18/00901; PI18/01804; PT17/0017/0020; PT 20/00127) and Agencia Espan ̃ola del Medicamento. Plataforma de Investigacio ́n Clínica and CIBERehd are funded by ISCIII. MRD holds a Joan Rodes (JR16/00015)/Accio ́n B clinicos investigadores (B-0002-2019), JSC a Rio Hortega (CM17/00243) and IAA a Sara Borrell (CD20/00083) research contract from ISCIII and Consejería de Salud de Andalucía. This publication is based upon work from COST Action “CA17112 - Pro- spective European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network” supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). www.cost.e