Dinosaur swim tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of La Rioja, Spain: An ichnological approach to non-common behaviours

The reconstruction of behavioural patterns performed by non-avian dinosaurs is an important task of palaeontology in order to globally understand how these animals interacted with their environment. Their relation with aquatic lifestyles has always been an intriguing question that has been extensively studied during the last decades, especially focused on some specific groups. The present work describes a new tracksite with 27 swimming tracks located in a fluvial setting from the Lower Cretaceous Urbion Group of La Rioja (Spain). They are preserved as natural casts with sizes between 8.5 and 29.2 cm and a predominant orientation. The tracks have been classified into 6 different morphotypes according to their morphology, and grouped into 5 different categories depending on the different pes-substrate interactions, following the proposal of Romilio et al. (2013). Some tracks were produced while the animal was moving in partial or complete buoyancy, and displacement was conducted by water and sediment impulsion, not just a mere paddling. Other tracks could be impressed in a bottom-walked, when the trackmaker touched the digit tips on the ground vertically or sub-vertically. This new tracksite confirms the capabilities of some groups of non-avian dinosaurs to interact with shallow water environments where they could print their pedes as they moved, either in complete buoyancy or during a displacement with some vertical component in the water column. It also contributes to the better understanding of swimming track morphologies as especially dependent on pes-sediment interaction and environment more than differences in pes configuration itself, causing the high variability of swimming footprints even when they belong to the same trackway. The classification of swimming tracks and footprints into categories dependent on the pes-substrate interaction could be a good guiding principle to avoid problematics about ichnotaxonomical definition.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEUniversidad de La RiojaConsejeria de Educacion y Cultura (Gobierno de La Rioja)Instituto de Estudios RiojanosMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesEuropean Regional Development FundUniversidad del País VascoMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovaciónpu

Response to Novel Drugs before and after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Relapsed Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains as an incurable disease and, although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative approach, most patients ultimately relapse, and their treatment remains challenging. Because allo-HSCT can modify not only the biology of the disease, but also the immune system and the microenvironment, it can potentially enhance the response to rescue therapies. Information on the efficacy and safety of novel drugs in patients relapsing after allo-HSCT is lacking, however. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of rescue therapies in patients with MM who relapsed after allo-HSCT, as well as to compare their efficacy before and after allo-HSCT. This retrospective multicenter study included 126 consecutive patients with MM who underwent allo-HSCT between 2000 and 2013 at 8 Spanish centers. All patients engrafted. The incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 47%, and nonrelapse mortality within the first 100 days post-transplantation was 13%. After a median follow-up of 92 months, overall survival (OS) was 51% at 2 years and 43% at 5 years. The median progression-free survival after allo-HSCT was 7 months, whereas the median OS after relapse was 33 months. Patients relapsing in the first 6 months after transplantation had a dismal prognosis compared with those who relapsed later (median OS, 11 months versus 120 months; P <.001). The absence of chronic GVHD was associated with reduced OS after relapse (hazard ratio, 3.44; P <.001). Most patients responded to rescue therapies, including proteasome inhibitors (PIs; 62%) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs; 77%), with a good toxicity profile. An in-depth evaluation, including the type and intensity of PI- and IMiD-based combinations used before and after allo-HSCT, showed that the overall response rate and duration of response after allo-HSCT were similar to those seen in the pretransplantation period. Patients with MM who relapse after allo-HSCT should be considered candidates for therapy with new drugs, which can achieve similar response rates with similar durability as seen in the pretransplantation period. This pattern does not follow the usual course of the disease outside the transplantation setting, where response rates and time to progression decreases with each consecutive line of treatment

Measurements of CO2 exchange over a woodland savanna (Cerrado Sensu stricto) in southeast Brasil

The technique of eddy correlation was used to measure the net ecosystem exchange over a woodland savanna (Cerrado Sensu stricto) site (Gleba Pé de Gigante) in southeast Brazil. The data set included measurements of climatological variables and soil respiration using static soil chambers. Data were collected during the period from 10 October 2000 to 30 March 2002. Measured soil respiration showed average values of 4.8 molCO2 m-2s-1 year round. Its seasonal differences varied from 2 to 8 molCO2 m-2s-1 (Q10 = 4.9) during the dry (April to August) and wet season, respectively, and was concurrent with soil temperature and moisture variability. The net ecosystem CO2 flux (NEE) variability is controlled by solar radiation, temperature and air humidity on diel course. Seasonally, soil moisture plays a strong role by inducing litterfall, reducing canopy photosynthetic activity and soil respiration. The net sign of NEE is negative (sink) in the wet season and early dry season, with rates around -25 kgC ha-1day-1, and values as low as 40 kgC ha-1day-1. NEE was positive (source) during most of the dry season, and changed into negative at the onset of rainy season. At critical times of soil moisture stress during the late dry season, the ecosystem experienced photosynthesis during daytime, although the net sign is positive (emission). Concurrent with dry season, the values appeared progressively positive from 5 to as much as 50 kgC ha-1day-1. The annual NEE sum appeared to be nearly in balance, or more exactly a small sink, equal to 0.1 0.3 tC ha-1yr-1, which we regard possibly as a realistic one, giving the constraining conditions imposed to the turbulent flux calculation, and favourable hypothesis of succession stages, climatic variability and CO2 fertilization

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Preneoplastic somatic mutations including MYD88(L265P) in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

Normal cell counterparts of solid and myeloid tumors accumulate mutations years before disease onset; whether this occurs in B lymphocytes before lymphoma remains uncertain. We sequenced multiple stages of the B lineage in elderly individuals and patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, a singular disease for studying lymphomagenesis because of the high prevalence of mutated MYD88. We observed similar accumulation of random mutations in B lineages from both cohorts and unexpectedly found MYD88(L265P) in normal precursor and mature B lymphocytes from patients with lymphoma. We uncovered genetic and transcriptional pathways driving malignant transformation and leveraged these to model lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in mice, based on mutated MYD88 in B cell precursors and BCL2 overexpression. Thus, MYD88(L265P) is a preneoplastic event, which challenges the current understanding of lymphomagenesis and may have implications for early detection of B cell lymphomas

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

Etnopedologia e transferência de conhecimento: diálogos entre os saberes indígena e técnico na Terra Indígena Malacacheta, Roraima Ethnopedology and knowledge transfer: dialogue between indians and soil scientists in the Malacacheta Indian Territory, Roraima, Amazon

O conhecimento indígena sobre a pedodiversidade é o objeto principal da etnopedologia. Nesse sentido, a tradição agrícola e cultural dos índios Uapixana, do tronco lingüístico Aruaque, em Roraima, constitui relevante acervo imaterial de valor etnocientífico, sendo valorizada pela Universidade Federal de Roraima em seus cursos superiores de Educação Indígena no Estado. Neste trabalho confrontou-se a experiência etnopedológica dos índios Uapixana com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, durante o levantamento de solos da Terra Indígena (TI) Malacacheta. O sistema de classificação etnopedológica existente na comunidade indígena Uapixana da TI Malacacheta identifica e separa todos os principais compartimentos ambientais de ocorrência na área, permitindo relacionar aspectos de simples percepção e identificação (cor, textura, profundidade, vegetação) com aspectos cognoscíveis (uso, tipo de cultivo, vocação, etc.). Os índios Uapixana identificam e classificam oito tipos básicos de solos, que ocorrem individualmente ou formando associações: Imii Wyzda'u (Terra Amarelada), Imii Wyza'u (Terra Vermelha), Imii Pudiidiu (Terra Preta), Imii Pudiidiza'u (Terra Roxa), Katy Bara Pudiidiu (Barro Arenoso), Imii Kaxidia'u (Estopa Preta), Imii Katy Bara Pudiidiu Naik Baraka'u (Terra Arenosa Preta e Branca) e Imii Wyzadaza'u Rik Pudiidiu (Miscelânea de Terra Amarela, Roxa e afloramentos de rocha), abordando características morfológicas, físicas e químicas e as principais limitações quanto ao uso agrícola. Há relação evidente entre a dimensão do saber etnopedológico o saber etnoecológico, em sentido amplo. A experiência etnopedológica representa, assim, a extensão de uma abrangente cadeia de inter-relações homem-meio, dentro do princípio universal da ecologia humana da paisagem. O diálogo etnopedológico travado entre a comunidade indígena e os pedólogos trouxe contribuições muito relevantes e mutuamente benéficas: facilitou a transferência de conhecimento entre dois saberes, in loco, desvendando boa parte das relações etnopedológicas e etnoecológicas e refletindo sobre "como" e "por que" cada grupo identificava um dado tipo de solo. Permitiu ainda delinear o esboço da distribuição dos solos com base no saber indígena, utilizando a extrapolação cartográfica disponível ao pedólogo; esse fato facilitou o próprio mapeamento convencional, especialmente no reconhecimento de inclusões e associações de solos. De forma mais destacada, a experiência permitiu ainda uma real comunicação e aproximação entre os agentes do saber (indígenas e técnico), com base na troca e em descobertas mútuas de conhecimentos, gerando uma sinergia que aproxima o técnico e o indígena, com resultados práticos palpáveis, que extrapolam o próprio objetivo inicial do levantamento de solos da TI Malacacheta.<br>Ethnopedology deals mainly with indigenous knowledge on pedo-diversity. In this sense, the agricultural and cultural traditions of the Wapishana Indians in Roraima, of the Arawak linguistic background, constitute a relevant pool of ethno-scientific knowledge in Amazonia. The Federal University of Roraima has increasingly acknowledged their importance in the Indigenous Education undergraduate courses. In this study, the ethnopedological classifications of the Wapishana Indians were confronted with the Brazilian System of Soil Classification in a soil survey of the Malacacheta Indian Territory. The ethnopedological classification of Wapishana Indians identifies and separates all environmental segments of the area, relating easily recognizable aspects of the soilscape (color, texture, depth, vegetation) with observable aspects (land use, cultivation type, suitability). The Wapishana classify eight basic soil types, that occur either separately or in associations: Imii Wyzda'u (Yellowish earth), Imii Wyza'u (Red earth), Imii Pudiidiu (Black Earth), Imii Pudiidiza'u (Dusky-Red Earth), Katy Bara Pudiidiu (Sandy loam), Imii Kaxidia'u (Black spongy), Imii Katy Bara Pudiidiu Naik Baraka'u (Black and White Sandy Ground) and Imii Wyzadaza'u Rik Pudiidiu (Mixed Yellowish earth, Dusky-Red earth and Rock outcrops), based on morphological, physical and chemical attributes, as well as land use limitations. There are clear relationships between the ethnopedological knowledge and the ethno-ecological dimension of the Wapishana culture, in the broadest sense. The ethnopedological observations, thus, represent an expression of the interwoven network of man-environment relationships, seen in a framework of universal principles of human/landscape ecology. The intense ethnopedological dialogue between soil scientists and Indians resulted in enriching, mutually beneficial contributions: the proper knowledge transfer in loco between two different traditions, the clarification of great part of the ethnopedological perceptions of both groups, and the understanding on how and why each group identified a given soil. Moreover, a soil map based on indigenous knowledge was drawn up, in an extrapolation of the cartographical base available to pedologists; this supported the conventional soil mapping of the area as well, especially in the recognition of soil inclusions and associations. Particularly, the experience allowed effective communication and approach of the representatives of indigenous and technical knowledge, based on knowledge transfer and mutual discoveries of understanding, creating synergy effects with promising results, which outreached the original aim of soil mapping of the Malacacheta Indian Territory