Mass and half-life measurements of neutron-deficient iodine isotopes

Neutron-deficient iodine isotopes, 116I and 114I, were produced at relativistic energies by in-flight fragmentation at the Fragment Separator (FRS) at GSI. The FRS Ion Catcher was used to thermalize the ions and to perform highly accurate mass measurements with a Multiple-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass-Spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS). The masses of both isotopes were measured directly for the first time. The half-life of the 114I was measured by storing the ions in an RF quadrupole for different storage times and counting the remaining nuclei with the MR-TOF-MS. The measured half-life was used to assign the ground state to the measured 114I ions. Predictions on the possible α-decay branch for 114I are presented based on the reduced uncertainties obtained for the Qα-value. Systematic studies of the mass surface were performed with the newly obtained masses, showing better agreement with the expected trend in this mass region.peerReviewe

Mass Measurements of Neutron-Rich Gallium Isotopes Refine Production of Nuclei of the First r-Process Abundance Peak in Neutron Star Merger Calculations

We report mass measurements of neutron-rich Ga isotopes $^{80-85}$Ga with TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN). The measurements determine the masses of $^{80-83}$Ga in good agreement with previous measurements. The masses of $^{84}$Ga and $^{85}$Ga were measured for the first time. Uncertainties between $25-48$ keV were reached. The new mass values reduce the nuclear uncertainties associated with the production of A $\approx$ 84 isotopes by the \emph{r}-process for astrophysical conditions that might be consistent with a binary neutron star (BNS) merger producing a blue kilonova. Our nucleosynthesis simulations confirm that BNS merger may contribute to the first abundance peak under moderate neutron-rich conditions with electron fractions $Y_e=0.35-0.38$

First coupling of the FRS particle identification and the FRS-Ion Catcher data acquisition systems: The case of 109In

6 pags. 5 figs.For the first time, the FRagment Separator (FRS) and the Multiple-Reflection Time-Of-Flight Mass-Spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS) particle identification (PID) systems at GSI have been coupled. This new approach adds to the standard FRS PID an additional unambiguous identification of the fragments and the possibility to identify and count long-lived isomeric states (>ms). For this purpose, single-event timestamp information given by a common clock was used to correlate both systems. Two methods were implemented to improve the signal-to-background ratio by more than a factor 2 in the high resolution mass spectrum obtained with the MR-TOF-MS for the 109In isotope. Moreover, the coupling of the systems allows an improvement in the on-line monitoring of the FRS-Ion Catcher (IC) efficiency and extraction time. In addition, range calculations were implemented in the on-line monitoring; a powerful tool for real-time optimization of stopped beam experiments.The ELI-NP group was supported by Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Germany Phase II, a project co-financed by the Romanian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund the Competitiveness Operational Programme (1/07.07.2016, COP,ID 1334) and by the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation under contract PN 19 06 01 05. This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under contracts No. 05P19RGFN1, 05P12RGFN8 and 05P15RGFN1, by Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany and GSI, Germany under the JLU-GSI strategic Helmholtz partnership agreement, by HGS-HIRe, and by theHessian Ministry for Science and Art (HMWK), Germany. O. Hall was supported by UKRI STFC, United Kingdom grant ST/P004008/1.Peer reviewe

Open data from the third observing run of LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA and GEO

The global network of gravitational-wave observatories now includes five detectors, namely LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, Virgo, KAGRA, and GEO 600. These detectors collected data during their third observing run, O3, composed of three phases: O3a starting in April of 2019 and lasting six months, O3b starting in November of 2019 and lasting five months, and O3GK starting in April of 2020 and lasting 2 weeks. In this paper we describe these data and various other science products that can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at https://gwosc.org. The main dataset, consisting of the gravitational-wave strain time series that contains the astrophysical signals, is released together with supporting data useful for their analysis and documentation, tutorials, as well as analysis software packages.Comment: 27 pages, 3 figure

Dawning of the N=32 shell closure seen through precision mass measurements of neutron-rich titanium isotopes

A precision mass investigation of the neutron-rich titanium isotopes $^{51-55}$Ti was performed at TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN). The range of the measurements covers the $N=32$ shell closure and the overall uncertainties of the $^{52-55}$Ti mass values were significantly reduced. Our results confirm the existence of a weak shell effect at $N=32$, establishing the abrupt onset of this shell closure. Our data were compared with state-of-the-art \textit{ab-initio} shell model calculations which, despite very successfully describing where the $N=32$ shell gap is strong, overpredict its strength and extent in titanium and heavier isotones. These measurements also represent the first scientific results of TITAN using the newly commissioned Multiple-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS), substantiated by independent measurements from TITAN's Penning trap mass spectrometer

Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

[EN] This lecture text shows what fascinating tasks analytical chemists face in Art Conservation and Archaeology, and it is hoped that students reading it will realize that passions for science, arts or history are by no means mutually exclusive. This study describes the main analytical techniques used since the eighteenth century, and in particular, the instrumental techniques developed throughout the last century for analyzing pigments and inorganic materials, in general, which are found in cultural artefacts, such as artworks and archaeological remains. The lecture starts with a historical review on the use of analytical methods for the analysis of pigments from archaeological and art objects. Three different periods can be distinguished in the history of the application of the Analytical Chemistry in Archaeometrical and Art Conservation studies: (a) the "Formation'' period (eighteenth century1930), (b) the "Maturing'' period (1930-1970), and (c) the "Expansion'' period (1970-nowadays). A classification of analytical methods specifically established in the fields of Archaeometry and Conservation Science is also provided. After this, some sections are devoted to the description of a number of analytical techniques, which are most commonly used in routine analysis of pigments from cultural heritage. Each instrumental section gives the fundamentals of the instrumental technique, together with relevant analytical data and examples of applications.Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from Spanish ‘‘I+D+I MINECO’’ projects CTQ2011-28079-CO3-01 and CTQ2014-53736-C3-1-P supported by ERDEF funds.Domenech Carbo, MT.; Osete Cortina, L. (2016). Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects. ChemTexts. 2:1-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-016-0033-5S1502Wilks H (ed) (1987) Science for conservators: a conservation science teaching series. The Conservation Unit Museums and Galleries Commission, LondonSan Andrés Moya M, Viña Ferrer S (2004) Fundamentos de química y física para la conservación y restauración. Síntesis, MadridDoménech-Carbó MT (2013) Principios físico-químicos de los materiales integrantes de los bienes culturales, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaMills JS, White R (1987) The organic chemistry of museum objects. Butterworths, London, pp 141–159Matteini M, Moles A (1991) La Quimica nel Restauro. I materiali dell’arte pittorica. Nardini, FirenzeGomez MA (1998) La Restauración. Examen científico aplicado a la conservación de obras de arte. Cátedra, MadridTaft WS Jr, Mayer JW (2000) The science of paintings. Springer, New YorkAllen RO (ed) (1989) Archaeological chemistry IV; Advances in chemistry. American Chemical Society, Washington, DCAitken MJ (1990) Science-based dating in archaeology. Longman Archaeology Series, New YorkCiliberto E, Spoto G (eds) (2000) Modern analytical methods in art and archaeology. Wiley, New YorkMatteini M, Moles A (1986) Sciencia e Restauro. Metodi di Indagine, 2nd edn. Nardini, FirenzeOdegaard N, Carroll S, Zimmt W (2000) Material characterization tests for objects of art and archaeology. Archetype Publications, LondonDerrick MR, Stulik DC, Landry MJ (1999) Infrared spectroscopy in conservation science. Getty Conservation Institute, Los AngelesDoménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Costa V (2009) Electrochemical methods in archaeometry, conservation and restoration. In: Scholz F (ed) Series: Monographs in electrochemistry. Springer, BerlinEdwards HGM, Chalmers JM (eds) (2005) Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history. The Royal Society of Chemistry, CambridgeLahanier C (1991) Scientific methods applied to the study of art objects. Mikrochim Acta II:245–254Bitossi G, Giorgi R, Salvadori BM, Dei L (2005) Spectroscopic techniques in cultural heritage conservation: a survey. Appl Spectrosc Rev 40:187–228Odlyha M (2000) Special feature: preservation of cultural heritage. The application of thermal analysis and other advanced analytical techniques to cultural objects. Thermochim Acta 365Feature Special (2003) Archaeometry. Meas Sci Technol 14:1487–1630Aitken MJ (1961) Physics and archaeology. Interscience, New YorkOlin JS (ed) (1982) Future directions in archaeometry. A round table. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DCTownsend JH (2006) What is conservation science? Macromol Symp 238:1–10Nadolny J (2003) The first century of published scientific analyses of the materials of historical painting and polychromy, circa 1780–1880. Rev Conserv 4:39–51Montero Ruiz I, Garcia Heras M, López-Romero E (2007) Arqueometría: cambios y tendencias actuales. Trabajos de Prehistoria 64:23–40Fernandes Vieira G, Sias Coelho LJ (2011) Arqueometría: Mirada histórica de una ciencia en desarrollo. Revista CPC 13:107–133Rees-Jones SG (1990) Early experiments in pigment analysis. Stud Conserv 35:93–101Allen RO (1989) The role of the chemists in archaeological studies. In: Allen RO (ed) Archaeological chemistry IV. Advances in chemistry. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 1–17Plesters J (1956) Cross-sections and chemical analysis of paint samples. Stud Conserv 2:110–157 and references thereinGilberg M (1987) Friedrich Rathgen: the father of modern archaeological conservation. J Am Inst Conserv 26:105–120Olin JS, Salmon ME, Olin CH (1969) Investigations of historical objects utilizing spectroscopy and other optical methods. Appl Optics 8:29–39Feller RL (1954) Dammar and mastic infrared analysis. Science 120:1069–1070Hall ET (1963) Methods of analysis (physical and microchemical) applied to paintings and antiquities. In: Thomson G (ed) Recent advances in conservation. Butterworths, London, pp 29–32Feigl F, Anger V (1972) Spot tests in inorganic analysis, 6th English edition, translated by Oesper RE. Elsevier, AmsterdamLocke DC, Riley OH (1970) Chemical analysis of paint samples using the Weisz ring oven technique. Stud Conserv 15:94–101Mairinger F, Schreiner M (1986) Analysis of supports, grounds and pigments. In: van Schoute R, Verougstracte-Marcq H (eds) PACT 13, Xth Anniversary Meeting of PACT Group. Louvain-la Neuve, pp 171–183 (and references therein)Vandenabeele P, Edwards HGM (2005) Overview: Raman spectrometry of artefacts. In: Edwards HGM, Chalmers JM (eds) Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 169–178Tykot RH (2004) Scientific methods and applications to archaeological provenance studies. In: Proceedings of the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 407–432Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Valle-Algarra FM, Domine ME, Osete-Cortina L (2013) On the dehydroindigo contribution to Maya Blue. J Mat Sci 48:7171–7183Lovric M, Scholz F (1997) A model for the propagation of a redox reaction through microcrystals. J Solid State Electrochem 1:108–113Fitzgerald AG, Storey BE, Fabian D (1993) Quantitative microbeam analysis. Scottish Universities Sumer School in Physics and Institute of Physics Publishing, BristolDoménech-Carbó A (2015) Dating: an analytical task. ChemTexts 1:5Mairinger F, Schreiner M (1982) New methods of chemical analysis-a tool for the conservator. Science and Technology in the service of conservation, IIC, London, pp 5–13Malissa H, Benedetti-Pichler AA (1958) Anorganische qualitative Mikroanalyse. Springer, New YorkTertian R, Claisse F (1982) Principles of quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis. Heyden, LondonMantler M, Schreiner M (2000) X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in art and archaeology. X-Ray Spectrom 29:3–17Scholz F (2015) Voltammetric techniques of analysis: the essentials. ChemTexts 1:17Inzelt G (2014) Crossing the bridge between thermodynamics and electrochemistry. From the potential of the cell reaction to the electrode potential. ChemTexts 1:2Milchev A (2016) Nucleation phenomena in electrochemical systems: thermodynamic concepts. ChemTexts 2:2Milchev A (2016) Nucleation phenomena in electrochemical systems: kinetic models. ChemTexts 2:4Seeber R, Zanardi C, Inzelt G (2015) Links between electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics. ChemTexts 1:18Feist M (2015) Thermal analysis: basics, applications, and benefit. ChemTexts 1:8Stoiber RE, Morse SA (1994) Crystal identification with the polarizing microscope. Springer, BerlinGoldstein JI, Newbury DE, Echlin P, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Echlin P, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR (2003) Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Plenum Press, New YorkDoménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Más-Barberá X (2007) Identification of lead pigments in nanosamples from ancient paintings and polychromed sculptures using voltammetry of nanoparticles/atomic force microscopy. Talanta 71:1569–1579Reedy TJ, Reedy ChL (1988) Statistical analysis in art conservation research. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los AngelesEastaugh N, Walsh V, Chaplin T, Siddall R (2004) Pigment compendium, optical microscopy of historical pigments. Elsevier, OxfordFeller RL, Bayard M (1986) Terminology and procedures used in the systematic examination of pigment particles with polarizing microscope. In: Feller RL (ed) Artists’ pigment. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 1. National Gallery of Art, Washington, pp 285–298Feller RL (ed) (1986) Artists’ pigment. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 1. National Gallery of Art, WashingtonRoy A (ed) (1993) Artists’ pigments. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 2. National Gallery of Art, WashingtonFitzHugh EW (ed) (1997) Artists’ pigments. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 3. National Gallery of Art, WashingtonBerrie BH (ed) (2007) Artists’ pigment. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 4. National Gallery of Art, WashingtonHaynes WN (ed) (2015) CRC handbook for physics and chemistry, 96th edn. Taylor and Francis Group, UKFiedler I, Bayard MA (1986) Cadmium yellows, oranges and reds. In: Feller RL (ed) Artists’ pigment. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 1. National Gallery of Art, Washington, pp 65–108Domenech-Carbó MT, de Agredos Vazquez, Pascual ML, Osete-Cortina L, Domenech A, Guasch-Ferré N, Manzanilla LR, Vidal C (2012) Characterization of Pre-hispanic cosmetics found in a burial of the ancient city of Teotihuacan (Mexico). J Archaeol Sci 39:1043–1062Mühlethaler B, Thissen J (1993) Smalt. In: Roy A (ed) Artists’ pigments. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 2. National Gallery of Art, Washington, pp 113–130Musumarra G, Fichera M (1998) Chemometrics and cultural heritage. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst 44:363–372Hochleitner B, Schreiner M, Drakopoulos M, Snigireva I, Snigirev A (2005) Analysis of paint layers by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron induced X-ray micro-diffraction. In: Van Grieken R, Janssens K (eds) Cultural heritage conservation and environment impact assessment by non-destructive testing and micro-analysis. AA Balkema Publishers, London, pp 171–182Švarcová S, Kočí E, Bezdička P, Hradil D, Hradilová J (2010) Evaluation of laboratory powder X-ray micro-diffraction for applications in the fields of cultural heritage and forensic science. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:1061–1076Van de Voorde L, Vekemans B, Verhaeven E, Tack P, DeWolf R, Garrevoet J, Vandenabeele P, Vincze L (2015) Analytical characterization of a new mobile X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction instrument combined with a pigment identification case study. Spectrochim Acta B 110:14–19Hochleitner B, Desnica V, Mantler M, Schreiner M (2003) Historical pigments: a collection analyzed with X-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis in order to create a database. Spectrochim Acta B 58:641–649Middleton PS, Ospitali F, Di Lonardo F (2005) Case study: painters and decorators: Raman spectroscopic studies of five Romano-British villas and the Domus Coiedii at Suasa, Italy. In: Edwards HGM, Chalmers JM (eds) Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 97–120Helwig K (1993) Iron oxide pigments: natural and synthetic. In: Roy A (ed) Artists’ pigments. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 2. National Gallery of Art, Washington, pp 39–95Silva CE, Silva LP, Edwards HGM, de Oliveira LFC (2006) Diffuse reflection FTIR spectral database of dyes and pigments. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:2183–2191Hummel DO (ed) (1985) Atlas of polymer and plastic analysis, vol 1, Polymers, structures and spectra. Hanser VCH, Münichhttp://www.irug.org (consulted: 1 Feb 2016)http://www.ehu.es/udps/database/database.html (consulted: 1 Feb 2016)Burgio L, Clark RJH (2001) Library of FT-Raman spectra of pigments, minerals, pigment media and varnishes, and supplement to existing library of Raman spectra of pigments with visible excitation. Spectrochim Acta A 57:1491–1521http://www.chem.ucl.ac.uk/resources/raman/speclib.html (consulted: 1 Feb 2016)Madariaga JM, Bersani D (2012) Special feature: Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology. J Raman Spectrosc 43(11):1523–1844http://minerals.gps.caltech.edu/ (consulted: 1 Feb 2016)http://www.rruff.info (consulted: 1 Feb 2016)Frost RL, Martens WN, Rintoul L, Mahmutagic E, Kloprogge JT (2002) J Raman Spectrosc 33:252–259Smith D (2005) Overwiew: jewellery and precious stones. In: Edwards HGM, Chalmers JM (eds) Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 335–378Weiner S, Bar-Yosef O (1990) States of preservation of bones from prehistoric sites in the Near East: a survey. J Archaeol Sci 17:187–196Chu V, Regev L, Weiner S, Boaretto E (2008) Differentiating between anthropogenic calcite in plaster, ash and natural calcite using infrared spectroscopy: implications in archaeology. J Archaeol Sci 35:905–911Beniash E, Aizenberg J, Addadi L, Weiner S (1997) Amorphous calcium carbonate transforms into calcite during sea-urchin larval spicule growth. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 264:461–465Regev L, Poduska KM, Addadi L, Weiner S, Boaretto E (2010) Distinguishing between calcites formed by different mechanisms using infrared spectrometry: archaeological applications. J Archaeol Sci 37:3022–3029Farmer C (ed) (1974) The infrared spectra of mineral, Monograph 4. Mineralogical Society, LondonMadejová J, Kečkéš J, Pálková H, Komadel P (2002) Identification of components in smectite/kaolinite mixtures. Clay Miner 37:377–388Šucha V, Środoń J, Clauer N, Elsass F, Eberl DD, Kraus I, Madejová J (2001) Weathering of smectite and illite–smectite under temperate climatic conditions. Clay Miner 36:403–419Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, López-López F, Valle-Algarra FM, Osete-Cortina L, Arcos-Von Haartman E (2013) Electrochemical characterization of egyptian blue pigment in wall paintings using the voltammetry of microparticles methodology. Electroanalysis 25:2621–2630Doménech-Carbó MT, Edwards HGM, Doménech-Carbó A, del Hoyo-Meléndez JM, de la Cruz-Cañizares J (2012) An authentication case study: Antonio Palomino vs. Vicente Guillo paintings in the vaulted ceiling of the Sant Joan del Mercat church (Valencia, Spain). J Raman Spectrosc 43:1250–1259Lovric M, Scholz F (1999) A model for the coupled transport of ions and electrons in redox conductive microcrystals. J Solid State Electrochem 3:172–175Oldham KB (1998) Voltammetry at a three phase junction. J Solid State Electrochem 2:367–377Doménech A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Bosch-Reig F, Saurí-Peris MC, Sánchez-Ramos S (2001) Electrochemical identification of iron oxide pigments (earths) from pictorial microsamples attached to graphite/polyester composite electrodes. Analyst 126:1764–1772Doménech A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Moya-Moreno MCM, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Bosch-Reig F (2000) Identification of inorganic pigments from paintings and polychromed sculptures immobilized into polymer film electrodes by stripping differential pulse voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta 407:275–289Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Valle-Algarra FM, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Osete-Cortina L, Bosch-Reig F (2016) On-line database of voltammetric data of immobilized particles for identifying pigments and minerals in archaeometry, conservation and restoration (ELCHER database). Anal Chim Acta 927:1–12http://www.elcher.info (consulted: 1 July 2016)Scholz F, Doménech-Carbó A (2010) Special feature: electrochemistry for conservation science. J Solid State Electrochem 14Domenech-Carbó A, Domenech-Carbó MT, Edwards HGM (2007) Identification of earth pigment by hierarchical cluster applied to solid state voltammetry. Application to a severely damaged frescoes. Electroanalysis 19:1890–1900Domenech-Carbó A, Domenech-Carbó MT, Vázquez de Agredos-Pascual ML (2006) Dehydroindigo: a new piece into the Maya Blue puzzle from the voltammetry of microparticles approach. J Phys Chem B 110:6027–6039Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Vázquez de Agredos-Pascual ML (2007) Chemometric study of Maya Blue from the voltammetry of microparticles approach. Anal Chem 79:2812–2821Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Vázquez de Agredos-Pascual ML (2011) From Maya Blue to ‘Maya Yellow’: a connection between ancient nanostructured materials from the voltammetry of microparticles. Angew Chem Int Edit 50:5741–5744Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Vidal-Lorenzo C, Vázquez de Agredos-Pascual ML (2012) Insights into the Maya Blue Technology: greenish pellets from the ancient city of La Blanca. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:700–703Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Osete-Cortina L, Montoya N (2012) Application of solid-state electrochemistry techniques to polyfunctional organic-inorganic hybrid materials: the Maya Blue problem. Micropor Mesopor Mater 166:123–130Doménech-Carbó MT, Osete-Cortina L, Doménech-Carbó A, Vázquez de Agredos-Pascual ML, Vidal-Lorenzo C (2014) Identification of indigoid compounds present in archaeological Maya blue by pyrolysis-silylation-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Anal Appl Pyrol 105:355–36