KONKURRENSBEGRÄNSANDE MILJÖAVTAL ENLIGT ARTIKEL 101 I FÖRDRAGET OM EUROPEISKA UNIONENS FUNKTIONSSÄTT

Summary Potentially one of the greatest environmental policy challenges in the European Union is the question of how to efficiently and effectively achieve environmental goals through which society can correct for and obtain a level of sustainable development. The trend has gone from one of command and control legislation towards using more market-based instruments that seek to involve the different market participants in the environmental process. The aim being to achieve a more efficient use of society’s environmental resources through the use of voluntary measures to obtain sustainable development. This is based on the Polluter Pays Principle and that the costs associated with environmental degradation (negative externalities) should be borne by the undertakings responsible for those costs, in an attempt to overcome the inefficient use of environmental resources in the free market economy. One such market-based environmental policy instrument that has been used more frequently is that of horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context. This use of commercial agreements as an environmental policy instrument has, however, led to situations where such agreements have been concluded by market participants with either an anti-competitive object in mind or where such competitive restriction has been the effect of the agreement; which has raised antitrust issues based on the EU's prohibition on anti-competitive agreements and concerted practices under Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). It has therefore been relevant to investigate the relationship that exists between the environmental policy use of horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context on the one hand, and how such agreements may be affected by the assessment of competition law on the other. This thesis has been undertaken by examining the way in which the prohibition in Article 101(1) TFEU has been applied to horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context, and under what conditions an exemption may be granted under Article 101(3) TFEU. The specific questions underlying the thesis have been; under what conditions are horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context covered by the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements and concerted practices in Article 101(1) TFEU? What grounds exist for such an environmental agreement to be exempted from the prohibition under Article 101(3) TFEU? Does the application of Article 101 TFEU take into account any underlying environmental policy issues that have brought about the use of the horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context in the first place or is the focus one more geared towards the application of the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements and concerted practices from an economic point of view? If, in the application of Article 101 TFEU, there is a conflict between environmental issues raised by the use of a horizontal cooperation agreements and the competition interest of maintaining effective competition, is there any legal basis for a preference towards one or the other policy? The analysis has shown that horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context can be divided into three groups (by content, object or effect), where the first group represents such agreements that are not covered by the prohibition, the second contains borderline agreements that may be prohibited based on their content and the third represents agreements that are by their very nature almost always prohibited. Which group an agreement belongs to depends on the manner in which the agreement has an appreciable adverse effect on competition and consumer welfare. Horizontal cooperation agreements in an environmental context are prohibited in accordance with Article 101(1) TFEU if they confer an appreciable adverse impact on one of the market's fundamental competitive parameters by either their object or effect which results in an unlawful restriction of competition on the common market. The specific conditions of the agreement and the relevant market together with the market shares of the parties involved form part of the assessment. Generally speaking, the less restrictive an agreement is towards how it determines the actions of the parties involved, the less likely an agreement is to be prohibited under the Article. If an agreement allows for independent action based on a general consensus to meet certain generally set goals, then it is less likely to be restrictive of competition, when compared to an agreement, that in detail provides for a list of measures and means with which to meet certain specified direct goals that leave very little room for the participants to act freely. Micromanagement within an agreement removes the participants’ autonomy, which in the context of the Article, is seen as likely to lead to either less competition or anti-competitive behaviour (to the detriment of consumer welfare and competition on the market). Environmental agreements may not, for example, involve measures aimed at price fixing, the limiting of output, product deterioration, measures that are likely to lead to an abatement of innovation or development on the market. Any agreement that is likely to lead to a barrier to entry on the market for competitors is also seen as likely to be anti-competitive, which would lead to a prohibition in line with Article 101(1) TFEU. If the agreement seeks by object or causes by effect an appreciable restriction of competition, then the agreement or relevant provision is prohibited, whereby an exemption must be sought if the agreement is to have any legal effect. There are four cumulative requirements that must all be met for an exemption to be granted. It is only during the assessment of whether the agreement fulfils these requirements that any balancing of positive versus negative effects the agreement might have or entail as a whole can be considered (for example whether an agreement leads to significant environmental or economic benefits). This balancing seeks to address the negative effect on competition that an exemption may be seen to cause and any exempted agreement must at the very least not leave the consumer worse off than compared to a situation where there was no agreement at all. The general requirements for an exemption under Article 101(3) TFEU are that the agreement must entail, in part, economic benefits (as exemplified by net benefits of reduced environmental pollution as a result of the agreement, in the environmental context); the consumer must have a positive rate of return (the benefit must outweigh the cost to the consumer, or at the very least, have a neutral value); the restriction must be indispensable (any restriction caused by the agreement must be essential to achieving the aims of the agreement and proportional to the restrictive effect caused); the agreement must not eliminate competition on the relevant market. Regardless of any environmental improvement an agreement might entail, if it eliminates competition, it can not be exempted (as any benefits are cancelled out by the long term effects to the market without competitive forces being present). Environmental agreements are based on environmental policy considerations, while the assessment under competition law for Article 101 TFEU is based on the economic factors of competition (an economic analysis of the effects the restriction of competition will have on the market and how this in turn effects consumer welfare). As the starting points for assessment are different, so are the points of focus for what is important. That said, it has been shown during the analysis of relevant cases that the European Commission does place value on and take into account environmental considerations during the assessment for exemption (especially in the CECED and DSD cases). The mere fact that an agreement’s underlying purpose may be environmental in nature (aimed at improving environmental values) is not, however, in and of itself grounds for an exemption, as the cumulative requirements for an exemption must all still be met. If an agreement has been prohibited then that was because of the appreciable effect it had on competition and those issues must still be addressed for any possibility of an exemption. The European Commission does, however, factor in environmental benefits as economic benefits to the extent that they can be economically quantified to represent economic values and subsumed by the relevant requirements for exemption, by which an assessment can be made (either as a cost benefit or as represented by new and improved products). As regards to any preference shown for one policy or the other, when there is a conflict between the two (environmental policy versus competition policy), the assessment must be based on a teleological interpretation of the system of the Treaties; which, when viewed from Article 3(3) TEU, Article 7 TFEU and Article 11 TFEU (the integration principle) can be taken to mean a positive interpretation for environmental concerns aimed at achieving sustainable development. If there is a conflict and the area of conflict is not sufficiently clear and precise, so that there is room open for interpretation, then such an interpretation must favour the environment. That said, in regard to the requirements for exemption under Article 101(3) TFEU, the wording is very clear on the issue that there must be residual competition for an exemption to apply. So in that final regard, so long as competition remains, then environmental concerns can be favoured in what is essentially an economic assessment of the positive and negative effects of a horizontal cooperation agreement in an environmental context.Sammanfattning Den kanske största miljöpolitiska utmaningen inom Europa är för närvarande frågan om hur det är möjligt att på ett effektivt och ändamålsenligt sätt uppnå miljömålen i syfte att skapa en hållbar utveckling i samhället. Trenden har gått från att tillgripa lagstiftningsåtgärder till att via marknadsbaserade styrmedel försöka involvera olika marknadsaktörer att på egen hand bli delaktiga i miljöförbättringar som krävs för ett effektivt användande av samhällets resurser, vilket ligger till grund för en hållbar utveckling. Detta bygger på principen om att förorenaren betalar och att kostnader som associeras till miljöförsämrande åtgärder (negativa externa effekter) ska bäras av verksamheterna som orsakar kostnaderna, för att på så vis komma tillrätta med en ineffektiv användning av miljöresurser på den fria marknaden. Ett sådant marknadsbaserat miljöpolitiskt styrmedel som har kommit till större användning är horisontella miljöavtal. Användningen av marknadsmässiga avtal som miljöpolitiska styrmedel har dock öppnat för lägen där sådana avtal har ingåtts av marknadsaktörer med antingen ett konkurrensbegränsande syfte eller där begränsningen varit en effekt av avtalet; vilket aktualiserat konkurrensrättsliga bedömningar utifrån EU:s förbud mot konkurrensbegränsande samarbeten enligt artikel 101 i fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt (FEUF). Det har därför varit aktuellt att undersöka förhållandet som uppstår mellan den miljöpolitiska användningen av miljöavtal på ena sidan och hur sådana avtal kan påverkas av konkurrensrättsliga bedömningar på andra sidan. Arbetet har utförts genom att undersöka på vilket sätt förbudet i artikel 101(1) FEUF appliceras på horisontella miljöavtal och under vilka omständigheter som undantag kan meddelas enligt artikel 101(3) FEUF. Specifika frågor för framställningen har varit; under vilka omständigheter kan frivilliga miljöavtal komma att omfattas av förbud mot konkurrensbegränsande samarbete? På vilka grunder kan sådana miljöavtal komma att undantas från förbudet? Tar bedömningen av miljöavtal enligt artikel 101 FEUF hänsyn till miljöintressen som representeras av miljöavtalen och om där uppstår en konflikt mellan miljöintressen på ena sidan och intresset av att bevara en väl fungerande konkurrens på andra, finns där något rättsligt företräde sett utifrån artikel 101 FEUF för någondera sida? Av undersökningen har det framgått att horisontella miljöavtal kan delas upp i tre grupper (efter innehåll, syfte eller effekt) där första gruppen är sådana avtal som inte omfattas av förbudet, andra är gränsfall och tredje är avtal som nästan alltid omfattas av förbudet. Vilken grupp ett avtal hamnar under beror på vilket sätt som avtalet har en märkbar negativ påverkan på konkurrensen och konsumentvälfärden. Ifrågavarande avtal får inte medföra en märkbar negativ effekt på någon av marknadens fundamentala konkurrensparametrar genom att det till syfte eller effekt leder till en otillåten begränsning av konkurrensen på den gemensamma marknaden. Generellt kan sägas att ju friare ett avtal är till sitt innehåll (där det är öppet för parterna att fatta självständiga beslut om hur man uppnår målen med avtalet), ju närmare kommer man gruppen avtal som inte riskerar att förbjudas. Innebär ett avtal mer detaljstyrning, där väldigt lite självständighet lämnas till parterna, så är det mer sannolikt att konkurrensen påverkas på så vis att avtalsparternas självständiga ageranden på marknaden kan ifrågasättas. Miljöavtal får exempelvis inte innebära att priser fastställs, produktionen begränsas, produkter försämras, innovation och utveckling avstannar eller att där uppstår hinder för marknadsinträde. Vid sådana lägen inträder ett förbud. Vid förbud så blir innehållet i avtalet eller bestämmelsen som fångas ogiltig. För att miljöavtalet ska kunna användas måste det i sådana fall uppfylla kriterierna för undantag. Där finns fyra kumulativa krav som samtliga måste vara uppfyllda. Genom undantagsbedömningen görs en balansering av avtalets positiva effekter mot de negativa verkningarna som följer av avtalet. När balanseringen är klar får avtalet inte innebära att konsumenterna har försatts i ett sämre läge genom konkurrensbegränsningarna som avtalet medför. Kriterierna för undantag är att avtalet måste innebära dels effektivitetsvinster (antingen tekniska eller ekonomiska fördelar), dels att konsumenterna tillförs en skälig andel av vinsten som uppstår från avtalet (antingen individuellt eller i fråga om miljöförbättringar, sådana fördelar som tillfaller hela samhället), dels att eventuella begränsningar måste vara nödvändiga (man ser till syftet med miljöavtalet och om begränsningarna som förespråkas har ett samband med uppnåendet av målet, samt om begränsningarna är nödvändiga för det); samt att konkurrensen på marknaden inte får elimineras helt eller nära därtill på grund av avtalet. Det spelar ingen roll vilka fördelar ett avtal kanske för med sig om konkurrensen upphör helt, då långsiktiga effekter som skapas av frånvaron av en fungerande konkurrens neutraliserar eventuella fördelar. Miljöavtal utgår från miljöpolitiska ställningstaganden om uppnående av vissa miljömål medan artikel 101 FEUF om förbud mot konkurrensbegränsande samarbete bygger på ekonomiska hänsyn om värdet av en fungerande konkurrens och effekterna konkurrensbegränsningar kan medföra för konsumentvälfärden. Enbart att ett miljöavtal avser miljöförbättringar utgör inte grund för att antingen förbudet inte skulle gälla eller för att undantag skulle meddelas. Omfattas ett avtal av förbudet så är det för att avtalet innebär en märkbar negativ effekt för konkurrensen. Artikel 101(1) FEUF gör ingen balansering av avtalets för och nackdelar vid bedömningen om ett förbud, utan en sådan balansering sker endast när frågan om undantag avgörs enligt artikel 101(3) FEUF. Det är således ekonomiska hänsyn som beaktas vid tillämpningen av artikeln. Finns där eventuella miljöfördelar (antingen kvantitativa eller kvalitativa förbättringar) så bedöms sådana utifrån att de kan omsättas till att avse ekonomiska värden på ett så objektivt sätt som möjligt. Alla påståenden som görs av parterna för att styrka möjligheterna till undantag måste kunna bevisas så objektivt som omständigheterna tillåter. Även om inriktning i tillämpning är ekonomisk så har en genomgång av ärenden visat att hänsyn tas till miljöaspekter, där det i flera fall varit vägledande för möjligheterna till undantag (exempelvis CECED och DSD ärendena). Frågan ifall där finns ett rättsligt företräde blir beroende på en fördragskonform teleologisk tolkning av fördragstexten, där fördragen ska läsas så att där finns en fördel för miljöpolitiska ställningstaganden som möjliggör för en hållbar utveckling. Utgångspunkter för detta är artikel 3(3) FEU, artikel 7 FEUF och artikel 11 FEUF, där det är den sistnämnda som utgör integrationsprincipen som medför att miljöskyddskraven ska integreras i utformningen och genomförandet av unionens politik och verksamhet, särskilt i syfte att främja en hållbar utveckling. I kort innebär detta att om lagtexten öppnar för tolkningar om innehållet så kan texten tolkas till fördel för miljön. Tillåter inte lagtexten tolkningar då vore det contra legem att tolka in ett företräde som inte medges. Grundförutsättningen enligt artikel 101 FEUF är dock alltid att konkurrensen inte får elimineras helt på grund av ett avtal (oavsett eventuella fördelar)

Optimering av bärlina i bärande lättregelväggar av trä.

Examensarbetet innehåller en studie av bärande träregelväggar. Bärförmågan har optimerats för en given belastning. Väggen belastas med vertikala punktlaster, från takstolarna, i sin överkant

Remote nocturnal bird classification by spectroscopy in extended wavelength ranges

We present optical methods at a wide range of wavelengths for remote classification of birds. The proposed methods include eye-safe fluorescence and depolarization lidar techniques, passive scattering spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In this paper we refine our previously presented method of remotely classifying birds with the help of laser-induced beta-keratin fluorescence. Phenomena of excitation quenching are studied in the laboratory and are theoretically discussed in detail. It is shown how the ordered microstructures in bird feathers induce structural "colors" in the IR region with wavelengths of around 3-6 mu m. We show that transmittance in this region depends on the angle of incidence of the transmitted light in a species-specific way and that the transmittance exhibits a close correlation to the spatial periodicity in the arrangement of the feather barbules. We present a method by which the microstructure of feathers can be monitored in a remote fashion by utilization of thermal radiation and the wing beating of the bird. (C) 2011 Optical Society of Americ

Reliable Strategy for Analysis of Complex Biosensor Data

When using biosensors, analyte biomolecules of several different concentrations are percolated over a chip with immobilized ligand molecules that form complexes with analytes. However, in many cases of biological interest, e.g., in antibody interactions, complex formation steady-state is not reached. The data measured are so-called sensorgram, one for each analyte concentration, with total complex concentration vs time. Here we present a new four-step strategy for more reliable processing of this complex kinetic binding data and compare it with the standard global fitting procedure. In our strategy, we first calculate a dissociation graph to reveal if there are any heterogeneous interactions. Thereafter, a new numerical algorithm, AIDA, is used to get the number of different complex formation reactions for each analyte concentration level. This information is then used to estimate the corresponding complex formation rate constants by fitting to the measured sensorgram one by one. Finally, all estimated rate constants are plotted and clustered, where each cluster represents a complex formation. Synthetic and experimental data obtained from three different QCM biosensor experimental systems having fast (close to steady-state), moderate, and slow kinetics (far from steady-state) were evaluated using the four-step strategy and standard global fitting. The new strategy allowed us to more reliably estimate the number of different complex formations, especially for cases of complex and slow dissociation kinetics. Moreover, the new strategy proved to be more robust as it enables one to handle system drift, i.e., data from biosensor chips that deteriorate over time.Peer reviewe

Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches for evaluation of monoclonal antibody - Lipoprotein interactions

Two complementary instrumental techniques were used, and the data generated was processed with advanced numerical tools to investigate the interactions between anti-human apoB-100 monoclonal antibody (anti-apoB-100 Mab) and apoB-100 containing lipoproteins. Partial Filling Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (PF-ACE) combined with Adsorption Energy Distribution (AED) calculations provided information on the heterogeneity of the interactions without any a priori model assumptions. The AED calculations evidenced a homogenous binding site distribution for the interactions. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) studies were used to evaluate thermodynamics and kinetics of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and anti-apoB-100 Mab interactions. High affinity and selectivity were observed, and the emerging data sets were analysed with so called Interaction Maps. In thermodynamic studies, the interaction between LDL and anti-apoB-100 Mab was found to be predominantly enthalpy driven. Both techniques were also used to study antibody interactions with Intermediate-Density (IDL) and Very Low Density (VLDL) Lipoproteins. By screening affinity constants for IDL-VLDL sample in a single injection we were able to distinguish affinity constants for both subpopulations using the numerical Interaction Map tool. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

En levande historia : Hur Forum för levande historia levandegör det förflutna genom historisk empati

The purpose of this essay is to analyze how the Swedish government agency Forum för levande historia mediates historical understanding through attempts to bridge distance in time and space. With reference to the concept of historical empathy I examine two publications by the Forum för levande historia agency to illustrate how history may be conveyed in a way which constitutes historical empathy in relation to secondary school students. The essay is guided by three question: "how can one understand the concept of historical empathy in relation to the student materials published by the Forum för levande historia angency in a broader educational context?", "how does the Forum för levande historia agency relate to the readers historical understanding?", and, "in what way is historical empathy used to bridge the temporal and geographical dimension in history education?". Furthermore, my theoretical framework states that historical empathy can only be achieved through an alignment of historical positionality; a positioning of a texts authors and recipients regarding their preconceived understanding of his-tory. Thus, history may only be conveyed when an author positions the historical content in a way that consider how the recipient’s ontological, epistemological, existential, and sociocultural disposition impact their view of history. Through my textual analysis, with basis in said theoretical framework, I conclude that Forum för levande historia convey history by three different means, each one facilitated as a different type of historical empathy. Consequently, the three types that constitutes historical empathy, narrative, subjective, and contextual empathy, are used by the authors to position the text in a way that is accessible for student. However, as the analysis demonstrate a hybridization in the use of historical empathy raises questions about whether this implementation develop or impair historical empathy. Hence, my essay suggests that the implication for teaching history, as well as history education in a broader sense, require educators to reflect and evaluate how they con-vey history

Role of TLR4 in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection

In this thesis we have used P fimbriated E. coli as a model to investigate the mechanisms of bacterial recognition and cell activation by the urinary tract (UT) epithelium. We show that Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is crucial for the recognition and host response to P fimbriated E. coli. This response was independent of LPS and did not require CD14. TLR4 was abundant on epithelial cells throughout the human urinary tract, while CD14 was absent from this compartment, as shown by immunohistochemistry on mucosal biopsies. In vitro infection of the biopsies with uropathogenic E. coli triggered a cytokine response. This response was absent when using avirulent control strains, showing that the human urinary tract epithelium is able to discriminate non-virulent strains from pathogens. We propose a mechanism for the discrete recognition of P fimbriated E. coli in which the glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptors for P fimbriae are needed in addition to TLR4, for cell activation. P fimbrial binding to GSLs induces ceramide release from the membrane. This activates TLR4, suggesting that ceramide might act as a signaling intermediate between the GSLs and TLR4. The TLR4 dependent intracellular signaling pathway in response to P fimbriated E. coli was shown to require the adaptors TRIF/TRAM but not MyD88/TIRAP. The results show an example of discrete recognition of pathogenic bacteria. They provide a mechanism for how epithelial cells can discriminate avirulent strains from pathogens and control the host response in relation to the type of infecting agent

Underkända medborgare -Demokrati och medborgerliga kompetenskrav i ett betygssystem med fastställd gräns för godkänt

Democracy is a concept held in high regard today. The basis for democracy is the acceptance of political equality including a well-informed citizen body with opportunity to affirm their interests. Through (civic) education children are expected to develop the knowledge, and the competence, that is needed to uphold a democratic form of government. Although needed, ed-ucation is not a categorical requirement for children to gain full citizenship; this is instead based upon a arbitrary age. However, when Sweden introduced a criterion-referenced grading system in primary and secondary school during the 1990’s, it also included a sharp distinction in the grading between approved/passed ("godkänt") and not approved/failed ("icke godkänt", alter-natively "underkänt"). One can see an implicit tension between the universal conception of citizenship, and the fact that students may be failed in the (civic) education. The purpose of this essay is to discuss this tension between civic education, and the criterion-referenced grading system that includes a sharp distinction between passed and failed school performances. This is done through two steps. (i) Firstly, the concept of civic qualification through education is discussed in relation to democratic theory, especially with references to the political theorist Robert A. Dahl. Based on this it is theorized that civic education can be understood as two distinct ideal types, strong or weak civic competence requirements. The weak requirements can be regarded as an expectation that civic education will result in competent citizens; whereas strong requirements implies that a student must reach a predetermined level of competence, e.g. a "passing grade". This theoretical framework is then used in the essay’s second step (ii), where an ideological analysis of debate articles regarding the criterion-refer-enced grading system is performed. Special attention is being directed towards the fact that students are at risk of being failed in their education. The purpose is to analyze whether a tension between civic education and the grading system arises. Through the ideological analysis it is found that this tension does arise but is nullified using weak civic competence requirements; although the strong civic competence requirements can be implicitly identified within the argu-mentation. Thus, the essay conclude that it is problematic to combine the two forms of compe-tence requirements because they are in many ways incompatible on a theoretical level. Finally, the essay asks if it’s possible by extension to have a school system that includes both civic education and a sharp distinction between passed and failed grades

The nurse’s workrelated stress and copingstrategies

  Stress och symtom på stress, ökar inom hela den svenska befolkningen. I synnerhet har stressen ökat hos hälso- och sjukvårdens professioner. Stressrelaterade sjukdomar som hjärtkärlsjukdomar och depression leder till sjukskrivningar. Sjuksköterskan löper hög risk att utsättas för hög stress på arbetsplatsen och stressens påverkan på sjuksköterskan står i relation till hur hon värderar situationen samt vilka hanteringsmöjligheter hon ser. Ett ineffektivt hanteringsmönster kan få svåra konsekvenser för hälsa och socialt liv. En litteraturstudie sammanställdes med syfte att identifiera stressfyllda situationer i sjuksköterskans arbetssituation samt hur dessa värderas och hanteras med hjälp av olika copingstrategier. Resultatet visar att arbetsbelastning är den största källan till stress och påverkas av underbemanning och ökande antal uppgifter för sjuksköterskan. Ju mer stress sjuksköterskan utsätts för desto mindre används problemfokuserade hanteringsmetoder. Konflikter ökar stressen på arbetsplatsen samtidigt som kollegialt stöd används för att hantera stress. Sjuksköterskan behöver få ökad kunskap om stress och stresshantering. Därtill krävs ökad kunskap och förståelse från ledningen kring den stress sjuksköterskan utsätts för. Vidare forskning bör fokusera stressupplevelser hos sjuksköterskor inom specifika områden i sjukvården.  Stress and the symptoms of stress are continuing to increase among the total Swedish population. This is particularly visible in healthcare-professions. Stress related diseases like coronary disease and depression leads to increasing numbers of sick-leaves. The nurse has a high risk of experiencing stress in the workplace and the effects of stress on the nurse stands in relation to her appraisal of the situation and the opportunities of coping visible to her. An ineffective coping pattern can result in severe consequences both in health and in social life. A literature review was conducted with the aim to identify stressful events in the nurse’s workplace as well as the appraisal of the same and coping strategies used. Results indicate that workload is the main-source of stress and is affected by understaffing and increases in the number of nursing-tasks. The more stress the nurse is exposed to, the less problem-focused coping is used. Conflicts increase the stress at the work-place at the same time as support from colleagues is used as a copingstrategy. Nurses need to widen their knowledge concerning stress and coping. There is also a need for more knowledge and understanding among managers, of stressful situations experienced by nurses. Implications for further research should focus on stressful experiences among nurses in specific areas in healthcare

Utveckling av webbaserad applikation för SCA i Falkenberg

Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingen av en webbaserad applikation för SCA i Falkenberg som är det första steget för att ersätta nuvarande lösning för DOM-rapporten.   DOM-rapporten är ett stort Excel dokument som innehåller mycket information och funktioner som används dagligen på företaget. Dokumentet har nu blivit så stort att det är långsamt att arbeta med. Webbapplikationen som utvecklats överför två av de större delarna av DOM-rapporten, vilket resulterar i en mycket snabbare hantering av data. Eftersom en webbapplikation går att använda på alla enheter med en webbläsare kan den användas på en surfplatta.  Att kunna använda DOM-rapporten på en surfplatta ökar effektivitet och säkerhet på företaget genom att bl.a. minska gångavstånden och sänka tiden för att utföra arbetsmoment.  Applikationen har utvecklats med ASP.NET MVC och med responsiv design för att anpassas till olika enheter.This report describes the development of a web based application for SCA in Falkenberg this is the first step in replacing the current solution for the DOM-report.  The DOM-report is a large Excel-document that contains a lot of information and functions used daily on the company. The document has now become very large and this has resulted in a very slow working environment. The web application that has been developed transfers two of the larger parts of the DOM-report. Which results in a much faster handling of data. Because it is a web application it can be used on all devices that has a web browser and this makes it possible to use the application on a tablet.  Using the DOM-report on a tablet would increase efficiency and safety on the company by decreasing walking distance and reducing the time it takes to perform the work activities.  The application has been developed with ASP.NET MVC and with a responsive design to adapt to different devices