Ultrahigh finesse Fabry-Perot superconducting resonator

We have built a microwave Fabry-Perot resonator made of diamond-machined copper mirrors coated with superconducting niobium. Its damping time (Tc = 130 ms at 51 GHz and 0.8 K) corresponds to a finesse of 4.6 x 109, the highest ever reached for a Fabry-Perot in any frequency range. This result opens novel perspectives for quantum information, decoherence and non-locality studies

A new method of probing mechanical losses of coatings at cryogenic temperatures

A new method of probing mechanical losses and comparing the corresponding deposition processes of metallic and dielectric coatings in 1-100 MHz frequency range and cryogenic temperatures is presented. The method is based on the use of extremely high-quality quartz acoustic cavities whose internal losses are orders of magnitude lower than any available coatings nowadays. The approach is demonstrated for Chromium, Chromium/Gold and a multilayer tantala/silica coatings. The ${\rm Ta}_2{\rm O}_5/{\rm Si}{\rm O}_2$ coating has been found to exhibit a loss angle lower than $1.6\times10^{-5}$ near 30 {\rm MHz} at 4 {\rm K}. The results are compared to the previous measurements

Adiabatic elimination for multi-partite open quantum systems with non-trivial zero-order dynamics

International audienceWe provide model reduction formulas for open quantum systems consisting of a target component which weakly interacts with a strongly dissipative environment. The time-scale separation between the uncoupled dynamics and the interaction allows to employ tools from center manifold theory and geometric singular perturbation theory to eliminate the variables associated to the environment (adiabatic elimination) with high-order accuracy. An important specificity is to preserve the quantum structure: reduced dynamics in (p ositive) Lindblad form and coordinate mappings in Kraus form. We provide formulas of the reduced dynamics. Themain contributions of this paper are (i) to show how the decomposition of the environment into $K$ components enables its efficient treatment, avoiding the quantum curse of dimension; and (ii) to extend the results to the case where the target component is subject to Hamiltonian evolution at the fast time-scale. We apply our theory to a microwave superconducting quantum resonator subject to material losses, and we show that our reduced-order model can explain the transmission spectrum observed in a recent pump probe experiment

Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity

A microscopic system under continuous observation exhibits at random times sudden jumps between its states. The detection of this essential quantum feature requires a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement repeated many times during the system evolution. Quantum jumps of trapped massive particles (electrons, ions or molecules) have been observed, which is not the case of the jumps of light quanta. Usual photodetectors absorb light and are thus unable to detect the same photon twice. They must be replaced by a transparent counter 'seeing' photons without destroying them3. Moreover, the light has to be stored over a duration much longer than the QND detection time. We have fulfilled these challenging conditions and observed photon number quantum jumps. Microwave photons are stored in a superconducting cavity for times in the second range. They are repeatedly probed by a stream of non-absorbing atoms. An atom interferometer measures the atomic dipole phase shift induced by the non-resonant cavity field, so that the final atom state reveals directly the presence of a single photon in the cavity. Sequences of hundreds of atoms highly correlated in the same state, are interrupted by sudden state-switchings. These telegraphic signals record, for the first time, the birth, life and death of individual photons. Applying a similar QND procedure to mesoscopic fields with tens of photons opens new perspectives for the exploration of the quantum to classical boundary

Reconstruction d'états non classiques du champ en électrodynamique quantique en cavité

Our cavity Quantum Electrodynamics experiment consists of two simple and well controlled systems interacting in the strong coupling regime: two-level atoms and a single mode of the electromagnetic field. The use of superconducting mirrors allows to trap a microwave field in a cavity for times up to a tenth of a second. In order to probe and to manipulate the trapped field, we use Rubidium atoms excited in a circular Rydberg state. They cross one by one the cavity detuned with respect to their transition. The atoms thus behave as small atomic clocks whose rate is affected by the presence of photons inside the mode through the light shift effect. We measure the small modifications of the atomic superposition's phase after the atoms have crossed the cavity by means of a Ramsey interferometry technique, allowing us to count the number of trapped photons. Slightly modifying this method, one can reconstruct the full density matrix of the state. We applied this technique to several non-classical states of the field: Fock states with a well determined number of photons, and Schrödinger's cat states, which are quantum superpositions of two classical fields with different phases. By repeating the reconstruction scheme for several delays after preparation, we are able to record a step-by-step movie of the time evolution of the state. The evolution of the Schrödinger's cat state under the effect of decoherence sheds new light on the problem of quantum measurement and the quantum to classical boundary.Notre dispositif d'électrodynamique quantique en cavité permet de faire interagir dans le régime de couplage fort deux systèmes simples et parfaitement contrôlés : des atomes à deux niveaux et un seul mode du champ électromagnétique. Des miroirs supraconducteurs permettent de stocker le champ électromagnétique micro-onde dans une cavité pendant plus d'un dixième de seconde. Afin de sonder et de manipuler le champ piégé, nous utilisons des atomes de Rubidium excités dans les états de Rydberg circulaires. Les atomes interagissent un à un avec la cavité dans le régime dispersif. Ils se comportent alors comme de petites horloges dont la fréquence est affectée par les photons piégés grâce au phénomène de déplacement lumineux. Les petites modifications de la phase atomique après la traversée du mode sont mesurées par interférométrie de Ramsey, permettant de compter le nombre de photons piégés. En adaptant légèrement la méthode, on parvient à reconstruire complètement la matrice densité du champ piégé. Cette technique a été appliquée à différents états non-classiques du champ : des états de Fock, dont le nombre de photons est parfaitement déterminé, et des états chat de Schrödinger. Ces derniers sont formés de la superposition quantique de deux champs classiques de phases différentes. En répétant la procédure de reconstruction pour plusieurs délais successifs après la préparation, on obtient un film image par image de l'évolution temporelle de l'état. L'étude de l'évolution de l'état chat de Schrödinger sous l'effet de la décohérence apporte un éclairage intéressant sur le problème de la mesure en mécanique quantique et la frontière entre les mondes classique et quantique

Adiabatic elimination for multi-partite open quantum systems with non-trivial zero-order dynamics

International audienceWe provide model reduction formulas for open quantum systems consisting of a target component which weakly interacts with a strongly dissipative environment. The time-scale separation between the uncoupled dynamics and the interaction allows to employ tools from center manifold theory and geometric singular perturbation theory to eliminate the variables associated to the environment (adiabatic elimination) with high-order accuracy. An important specificity is to preserve the quantum structure: reduced dynamics in (p ositive) Lindblad form and coordinate mappings in Kraus form. We provide formulas of the reduced dynamics. Themain contributions of this paper are (i) to show how the decomposition of the environment into $K$ components enables its efficient treatment, avoiding the quantum curse of dimension; and (ii) to extend the results to the case where the target component is subject to Hamiltonian evolution at the fast time-scale. We apply our theory to a microwave superconducting quantum resonator subject to material losses, and we show that our reduced-order model can explain the transmission spectrum observed in a recent pump probe experiment

Cryogenic optomechanic cavity in low mechanical loss material

International audienceMechanical losses lower than 10−9 have been demonstrated on quartz crystal acoustic cavities at liquid helium temperature. In addition, such cavities could rather easily be adapted to be used as optical cavities. This paper addresses the optomechanic devices that could merge from, while highlighting the major assets of each option and showing some preliminary results, including tests on quartz and CaF2 samples. It is shown that the mechanical displacement can be actuated optically by radiation pressure according to proper designs

Agro-climatic profiles of summer mountain pastures in the French Alps: towards a monitoring tool to contribute to climate risk assessment

Agronomy for Sustainable Development: A journal of the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE)International audienceSummer mountain pastures (also called alpages) are a central element for many agro-pastoral livestock systems in the alpine region, by providing the feedstock for herds during the summer transhumance. However, vegetation phenology and productivity in mountain pastures are increasingly affected by climate hazards exacerbated by climate change, such as early snow removal, late frost events, or droughts. Difficulties can then arise to match animal demand with forage resource on alpages and, in the long term, threaten the sustainable management of these highly multifunctional socio-ecological systems. To help agro-pastoral actors adapt, an essential step is to quantify the risk of impacts on the forage resource, due to an increased occurrence or intensity of climate hazards. Exposure to climate hazards on alpages is defined locally by topographic aspects in combination with the broader influence of the regional climate. Our work therefore aimed at providing a tailored assessment of potential climate risk for the forage resource at the individual scale of each alpage in the French Alps. To this end, we developed agro-climatic indicators based on atmospheric and snow cover data accounting for geographic and topographic conditions, and applied them to a database providing unique spatially explicit information at the alpage level. For the first time, we introduce a description of agro-climatic conditions and provide a classification of agro-climatic profiles of alpages in the French Alps, ranging from low to high potential risk for the forage resource, mainly following a North-South gradient combined with altitude. We also bring insights on the evolutions of the climate risk with climate change and discuss management implications for agro-pastoral livestock systems using alpages. We finally present a web-based visualization tool that aim at communicating agro-climatic profiles and their evolution to practitioners and at assisting decision makers in understanding climate-related risks on the alpages of the French Alps

Agro-climatic profiles of summer mountain pastures in the French Alps: towards a monitoring tool to contribute to climate risk assessment

Agronomy for Sustainable Development: A journal of the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE)International audienceSummer mountain pastures (also called alpages) are a central element for many agro-pastoral livestock systems in the alpine region, by providing the feedstock for herds during the summer transhumance. However, vegetation phenology and productivity in mountain pastures are increasingly affected by climate hazards exacerbated by climate change, such as early snow removal, late frost events, or droughts. Difficulties can then arise to match animal demand with forage resource on alpages and, in the long term, threaten the sustainable management of these highly multifunctional socio-ecological systems. To help agro-pastoral actors adapt, an essential step is to quantify the risk of impacts on the forage resource, due to an increased occurrence or intensity of climate hazards. Exposure to climate hazards on alpages is defined locally by topographic aspects in combination with the broader influence of the regional climate. Our work therefore aimed at providing a tailored assessment of potential climate risk for the forage resource at the individual scale of each alpage in the French Alps. To this end, we developed agro-climatic indicators based on atmospheric and snow cover data accounting for geographic and topographic conditions, and applied them to a database providing unique spatially explicit information at the alpage level. For the first time, we introduce a description of agro-climatic conditions and provide a classification of agro-climatic profiles of alpages in the French Alps, ranging from low to high potential risk for the forage resource, mainly following a North-South gradient combined with altitude. We also bring insights on the evolutions of the climate risk with climate change and discuss management implications for agro-pastoral livestock systems using alpages. We finally present a web-based visualization tool that aim at communicating agro-climatic profiles and their evolution to practitioners and at assisting decision makers in understanding climate-related risks on the alpages of the French Alps

Agro-climatic profiles of summer mountain pastures in the French Alps: towards a monitoring tool to contribute to climate risk assessment

Agronomy for Sustainable Development: A journal of the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE)International audienceSummer mountain pastures (also called alpages) are a central element for many agro-pastoral livestock systems in the alpine region, by providing the feedstock for herds during the summer transhumance. However, vegetation phenology and productivity in mountain pastures are increasingly affected by climate hazards exacerbated by climate change, such as early snow removal, late frost events, or droughts. Difficulties can then arise to match animal demand with forage resource on alpages and, in the long term, threaten the sustainable management of these highly multifunctional socio-ecological systems. To help agro-pastoral actors adapt, an essential step is to quantify the risk of impacts on the forage resource, due to an increased occurrence or intensity of climate hazards. Exposure to climate hazards on alpages is defined locally by topographic aspects in combination with the broader influence of the regional climate. Our work therefore aimed at providing a tailored assessment of potential climate risk for the forage resource at the individual scale of each alpage in the French Alps. To this end, we developed agro-climatic indicators based on atmospheric and snow cover data accounting for geographic and topographic conditions, and applied them to a database providing unique spatially explicit information at the alpage level. For the first time, we introduce a description of agro-climatic conditions and provide a classification of agro-climatic profiles of alpages in the French Alps, ranging from low to high potential risk for the forage resource, mainly following a North-South gradient combined with altitude. We also bring insights on the evolutions of the climate risk with climate change and discuss management implications for agro-pastoral livestock systems using alpages. We finally present a web-based visualization tool that aim at communicating agro-climatic profiles and their evolution to practitioners and at assisting decision makers in understanding climate-related risks on the alpages of the French Alps