Kemampuan Ganoderma dan Trichoderma Mendekomposisi Serasah Acacia mangium (The Ability of Ganoderma and Trichoderma to Decompose Acacia mangium Litter)

Litter decomposition ability of fungi has an important role in forest floor ecosystem. The abilities of Ganoderma sp and Trichoderma sp to decompose Acacia mangium leaf litters at laboratory scale were observed. Litters from L and F layers in the field ca. 100 g were used as substrates in plastic bags. Each fungus was inoculating onto substrates and incubates at room temperature, then observed each month during six months. Weight losses (WL) of litter, lignin and cellulose contents during decomposition were measured. Colonization of Ganoderma in litter and PDA with litter powder were also observed. The results showed that WL of litters, lignin and cellulose by Ganoderma were low. WL of L and F litters were 3.99% and 4.57% respectively, while WL of  L and F lignin were 8.17% and 7.11% respectively, and WL of  L and F cellulose were 3.63% and F 2.59% respectively. WL of L and F litters by Trichoderma were 3.20% and 3.20% respectively, while WL of  L and F lignin were 3.83% and 3.85% respectively, and WL of  L and F cellulose were 2.43% and 3.17% respectively. The growth of Ganoderma was better at PDAS than that at PDA; therefore L litter layer was suitable for growing Ganoderma

Keefektifan Pemanfaatan Lingkungan Sekitar sebagai Media Pembelajaran IPS di SMP Muhammadiyah I Moyudan dan Minggir, Sleman, Yogyakarta

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) perbedaan hasil belajar antara siswa yang menggunakan media lingkungan sekitar dan menggunakan media konvensional, 2) perbedaan hasil belajar antara siswa dengan modernitas tinggi dan siswa dengan modernitas rendah, dan 3) interaksi pengaruh media pembelajaran dan modernitas individu terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu dengan design faktorial 2× 2. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 40 siswa, yaitu 20 siswa kelas 2 SMP Muhammadiyah I Moyudan sebagai kelas eksperimen dan untuk 20 siswa kelas 2 SMP Muhammadiyah I Minggir sebagai kelas kontrol. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes hasil belajar dan angket untuk modernitas individu. Tes hasil belajar dan angket modernitas individu divalidasi dengan meminta pendapat ahli dan uji coba lapangan. Selanjutnya data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan teknik korelasi ANAVA 2×2 dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) hasil belajar pada siswa yang menggunakan media lingkungan sekitar lebih tinggi dari pada hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan media konvensional (8,95 > 5,10) dengan α = 0,001 5,55) dengan α = 0,037 < 0,05; 3) ada interaksi pengaruh antara media pembelajaran dan modernitas individu terhadap hasil belajar siswa dengan α = 0,000. Dengan demikian media lingkungan sekitar sangat efektif untuk pembelajaran IPS pada siswa dengan modernitas tinggi

REVITALISASI KONSEP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM TATARAN PEMIKIRAN SOEKARNO

Abstrak: Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui revitalisasi pendidikan Islam dalam tataran pemikiran Soekarno. Metode digunakan penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah (historical method). Adapun langkah yang digunakan dalam penelitian, yaitu pertama mengumpulkan sumber (heuristik), ke dua adalah kritik sumber atau verifikasi, langkah ke tiga interpretasi, langkan ke empat rekontruksi historiografi (penulisan sejarah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Islam mengalami kemunduran. Hal ini disebabkan sebagaimana disampaikan Soekarno dalam pemikirannya yaitu tertutupnya pintu ijtihad dan masih berpegang pada taqlid. Proses pendidikan Islam yang dikembangkan masih bersifat tradisional anti modern. Soekarno mengatakan pendidikan Islam merupakan arena untuk mengasah akal, mempertajam akal, dan mengembangkan intelektualitas. Peran akal bagi Soekarno memiliki posisi penting dalam setiap langkah kehidupan manusia. Bagi Soekarno, hanya dengan cara tersebut kemajuan dibidang ilmu dan teknologi dapat diraih yang pada gilirannya membawa kebangkitan Islam. Soekarno menghendaki adanya integrasi antara pendidikan Islam dengan pengetahuan umum. Dengan adanya integrasi maka dengan mudah memahami nilai-nilai ke Islaman dengan baik sehingga akan terwujud kebahagiaan baik dunia maupun akhirat.Abstract: This study aims to determine the revitalization of Islamic education at Soekarno's level of thought. The method used in this study uses the historical method (historical method). The steps used in this research are first collecting sources (heuristics), second is source criticism or verification, third step is interpretation, fourth step is historiographical reconstruction (historical writing). The results of the research show that: Islam is experiencing setbacks. This is because, as Soekarno stated in his thoughts, namely the closing of the door to ijtihad and still adhering to taqlid. The process of Islamic education being developed is still traditional and anti-modern. Soekarno said Islamic education was an arena to hone reason, sharpen reason, and develop intellect. The role of reason for Soekarno has an important position in every step of human life. For Soekarno, only in this way could progress in the field of science and technology be achieved which in turn would bring about the revival of Islam. Soekarno wanted the integration between Islamic education and general knowledge. With integration, it is easy to understand Islamic values properly so that happiness will be realized in both the world and the hereafter

Kemampuan Ganoderma dan Trichoderma Mendekomposisi Serasah Acacia mangium (The Ability of Ganoderma and Trichoderma to Decompose Acacia mangium Litter)

Litter decomposition ability of fungi has an important role in forest floor ecosystem. The abilities of Ganoderma sp and Trichoderma sp to decompose Acacia mangium leaf litters at laboratory scale were observed. Litters from L and F layers in the field ca. 100 g were used as substrates in plastic bags. Each fungus was inoculating onto substrates and incubates at room temperature, then observed each month during six months. Weight losses (WL) of litter, lignin and cellulose contents during decomposition were measured. Colonization of Ganoderma in litter and PDA with litter powder were also observed. The results showed that WL of litters, lignin and cellulose by Ganoderma were low. WL of L and F litters were 3.99% and 4.57% respectively, while WL of  L and F lignin were 8.17% and 7.11% respectively, and WL of  L and F cellulose were 3.63% and F 2.59% respectively. WL of L and F litters by Trichoderma were 3.20% and 3.20% respectively, while WL of  L and F lignin were 3.83% and 3.85% respectively, and WL of  L and F cellulose were 2.43% and 3.17% respectively. The growth of Ganoderma was better at PDAS than that at PDA; therefore L litter layer was suitable for growing Ganoderma

SULTAN HAMID II: DIBALIK LAYAR LAMBANG GARUDA TENGGELAM DALAM SEJARAH

Rumusan masalah yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah menguak tentang siapa sebenarnya Sultan Hamid II. Hingga saat ini Sulatan Hamid II menjadi bahan perdebatan dalam kalangan sejarawan. Sultan Hamid II merupakan sosok tokoh yang sangat misterius karena sampai saat ini keberadaan beliau seolah tenggelam dalam sejarah. Adapun untuk menguak keberadaan tokoh ini peneliti penulis menggunakan metode sejarah. Ada empat tahapan dalam metode sejarah, yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan Sultan Hamid II tenggelam dalam sejarah akibat pro dan kontra bagi kalangan sejarawan. Satu sisi Sultan Hamid II merupakan  sosok sumbangsih pemikiran terhadap bangsa Indonesia. Tapi di sisi lain Sultan Hamid II merupakan sosok seorang pemberontak. Perdebatan ini kini belum usai masing-masing mengklaim dan punya data dan argumen masing-masing. Sampai saat ini belum ditemukan sebuah titik temu untuk mengakui keberadaan Sultan Hamid II apakah sebagai pahlawan atau sebagai penghianat

PEMBUNUHAN KARAKTER DI BALIK SEJARAH: SOEKARNO DAN KOMUNIS

Abstrak: Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan untuk mengetahui pembunuhan karakter atau perusakan nama baik Soekarno atas tuduhan keterlibatan dalam paham komunis. Adapun metode digunakan pada penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah (historical method). Langkah-langkah digunakan dalam metode sejarah, meliputi: mengumpulkan jejak sumber sejarah (heuristik), kritik sumber, interpretasi (analisa), historiografi atau (penulisan sejarah). Hasil penelitian ini, yaitu dalam kehidupan Soekarno sangat gemar membaca buku dalam hal ini buku yang bernada marxisme. Maka tidak heran jika banyak pemikiran Soekarno terpengaruh dari marxisme sehingga muncul karyanya tentang Nasionalisme, Islam dan marxisme. Suatu alasan mengapa Soekarno tertarik komunisme tidak lain karena alasan rasional perjuangan menentang kapitalisme dan imperalisme di nusantara. Akan tetapi bukanlah sama antara marxisme dengan marxisme Soekarno karena Soekarno lebih pada perjuangan nasional dari pada perjuangan kelas. Kedekatan Soekarno dengan komunisme inilah kemudian disalahartikan bagi sebagian orang untuk menghilangkan kharisma Soekarno. Soekarno bukanlah marxisme Soekarno adalah seorang muslim taat beribadah. Soekarno merangkul paham komunis bagian dari upaya untuk mendukung tujuan politiknya anti imperalisme seperti masalah dalam hubungan segitiga Soekarno, PKI dan konfrontasi Malaysia. Adanya hembusan isu politik Soekarno seorang komunis tulen sebenarnya adalah upaya bagian pembunuhan karakter seiring berdirinya orde baru dibawah Soeharto.Abstract:  This study aimed to determine the character assassination or destruction of Soekarno's good name for alleged involvement in communist understanding. The method used in research uses the historical method. Steps are used in the historical method, including collecting traces of historical sources (heuristics), source criticism, interpretation (analysis), historiography or (writing history). The result of this research, namely in Soekarno's life, was very fond of reading books in this case books with the tone of Marxism. So it is not surprising that many of Soekarno's thoughts were influenced by Marxism so his work on Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism emerged. One reason why Sukarno was interested in communism was none other than the rational reason for the struggle against capitalism and imperialism in the archipelago. However, it was not the same between Marxism and Soekarno's marxism because Soekarno was more of a national struggle than a class struggle. Soekarno's closeness to communism was then misinterpreted for some to dispel Soekarno's charisma. Sukarno is not marxism Soekarno was a devout Muslim worshipper. Sukarno embraced communism as part of an effort to support his political goals of anti-imperialism such as problems in Soekarno's triangular relations, the PKI, and the Malaysian confrontation. The gust of Soekarno's political issue, a pure communist, was an attempted character assassination part of the establishment of the new order under Suharto

KEDATANGAN BANGSA PORTUGIS: BERDAGANG DAN MENYEBARKAN AGAMA KATOLIK DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kedatangan bangsa Portugis di Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam berdagang dan menyebarkan agama Katolik.  Metode digunakan penelitian yaitu metode sejarah (historical method). Adapun langkah-langkah metode sejarah, yaitu mengumpulkan sumber (heuristik), kritik sumber atau verifikasi, interpretasi, historiografi (penulisan sejarah). Hasil penelitian ini, yaitu kedatangan bangsa Portugis ke Nusa Tenggara Timur tidak terlepas dari pengaruh perdagangan rempah yang menjadi daya minat tinggi pasaran Eropa. Produk kayu Cendana merupakan barang unggulan yang memiliki daya beli tinggi di Eropa. Berbagai setrategi dan daya pikat hingga akhirnya Portugis dapat menguasai perdagangan kayu Cendana bahkan sampai membuat pos pertahanan di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Selain mencari rempah produk kayu Cendana Bangsa Portugis juga memiliki tujuan yaitu menyebarkan agama Katolik. Wilayah-wilayah yang menjadi bagian kekusaan perdagangan Portugis di Nusa Tenggara Timur merupakan tujuan utama misionaris

KOLONISASI FUNGI PADA SERASAH Acacia mangium

Fungi are an important role in litter decomposition process, because most of them able to decompose lignocelluloses in the litter. Fungal colonization on leaf litter of Acacia mangium was observed on shaded and unshaded places to study pattern of fungal colonization in the Acacias forest floor. Samples were taking by quadrate method. Fungal colonization was observing by removed surface of litter layer on 1x1 m2 area and then observed them and measured each of fungal colony  used metal rule. The result showed that there are different sizes of fungal colonies in both shaded and unshaded places. Colonies size at shaded place were 40 to 100 cm while at unshaded place were 25 to 50 cm. Fungal mycelium in each colonies not only distribute on the litter layers surface but also distribute into the bottom of litter layers.Fungi are an important role in litter decomposition process, because most of them able to decompose lignocelluloses in the litter. Fungal colonization on leaf litter of Acacia mangium was observed on shaded and unshaded places to study pattern of fungal colonization in the Acacias forest floor. Samples were taking by quadrate method. Fungal colonization was observing by removed surface of litter layer on 1x1 m2 area and then observed them and measured each of fungal colony  used metal rule. The result showed that there are different sizes of fungal colonies in both shaded and unshaded places. Colonies size at shaded place were 40 to 100 cm while at unshaded place were 25 to 50 cm. Fungal mycelium in each colonies not only distribute on the litter layers surface but also distribute into the bottom of litter layers

Antagonistic Ability of Trichoderma sp. against Ganoderma sp. on Litter Medium of Acacia mangium

Trichoderma sp are common fungi in the soil and play important role in decomposing of cellulose-rich. The distribution of Trichoderma sp (TBPH isolate) in litter layers of Acacia mangium was observed in two years’ old of health standing (2S) and Ganoderma sp-attacked standing (2G). The objectives of this research were to observe Trichoderma sp distributions in leaf litter layers and to determine of antagonistic ability of Trichoderma sp TBPH against Ganoderma sp (GBR isolate). Trichoderma sp in sawdust medium was spread above of F litter layer in 50 x 50 cm area. Total populations of Trichoderma were observed each month during eight months. Antagonistic activities of Trichoderma sp TBPH against Ganoderma sp GBR were tested by dual test method on PDA and PDA with litter powder (PDAS) media.  The results showed that populations of Trichoderma sp were fluctuating and the highest population on both standings of F layer   and were followed by H and L layers. Fluctuations of Trichoderma sp population on L layer were tended to follow rainfall fluctuations while those on F layer were tended to follow litter pH fluctuations. Antagonistic test showed that inhibition percentage of PDAS medium was lower than those of PDA medium indicating litter amendment on media being causes of lower antagonistic activities of Trichoderma sp