Drought and smut resistance of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) seedlings

The aim of the work was to study the impact of drought on the millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) seed germination and morphological parameters of seedlings and to identify millet genotypes with balanced rhizo- and organogenesis under arid conditions. Since the soil drought weakens plant immunity during seed germination and provokes development of various diseases, especially smut (Sorosporium destruens (Schlecht) Yanki), it is necessary to identify plant genotypes with high resistance to virulent smut races. We studied resistance of 28 millet varieties to 13 smut races registered in Ukraine. The osmotic PEG 6000 (23 %) was used to simulate soil drought during the seed germination. After six days of incubation, seed germinability was assessed and the length of shoots and roots of seedlings was measured. The stress resistance of millet varieties was evaluated by the root length/shoot length ratio (R/S). Water deficit in the soil decreased seed germinability to 50.12 %. Morphological changes were more pronounced in shoots (decrease in length by 77.3 %) than in roots (decrease by 37.7 %). Under favorable weather conditions, the rhizo- and organogenesis in seedlings was even (R/S=0.75±0.02). In case of soil drought, the ratio R/S dropped to 2.19±0.03. Most of the varieties were resistant to smut races Rs 1, Rs 5–Rs 7, and Rs 9–Rs 11; in addition, around 10 % of the studied varieties was highly resistant (9–8 points) to smut races Rs 2, Rs 8, Rs 12, and Rs 13. Millet genotypes resistant to Rs 3 smut race were not found. Thus, the varieties with R/S ratio around one and higher should be considered the most valuable genetic material in selection for drought resistance. High R/S ratios were observed in the varieties Zapovitne (1.77), Zolushka (1.54), Olitan (1.4), Skado (1.79) and Danilo (1.79). The varieties Olitan and Danilo were highly resistant to the smut races Rs 1, Rs 4, Rs 7, Rs 9–Rs 11, while the varieties Novokyivske 0.1 (2.17) and Konstantynivske (2.22) to the smut races Rs 1, Rs 4–Rs 7, Rs 9–Rs 12. The variety Bila Altanka was not affected by the most virulent smut races Rs 2, Rs 8 and Rs 13. We recommend to include these millet genotypes in selection for drought and smut resistance

The miR-17∼92 microRNA cluster Is a global regulator of tumor metabolism

SummaryA central hallmark of cancer cells is the reprogramming of cellular metabolism to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of malignant growth. Here, we report that the miR-17∼92 microRNA (miRNA) cluster is an oncogenic driver of tumor metabolic reprogramming. Loss of miR-17∼92 in Myc+ tumor cells leads to a global decrease in tumor cell metabolism, affecting both glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, whereas increased miR-17∼92 expression is sufficient to drive increased nutrient usage by tumor cells. We mapped the metabolic control element of miR-17∼92 to the miR-17 seed family, which influences cellular metabolism and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling through negative regulation of the LKB1 tumor suppressor. miR-17-dependent tuning of LKB1 levels regulates both the metabolic potential of Myc+ lymphomas and tumor growth in vivo. Our results establish metabolic reprogramming as a central function of the oncogenic miR-17∼92 miRNA cluster that drives the progression of MYC-dependent tumors

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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CONCEPTUAL TEASAURUS OF INFORMATION AND DIGITAL COMPETENCE FOR THE FUTURE PEDAGOGICAL WORKER OF PRIMARY EDUCATION

The article deals with the analysis of modern educational definitions: information and communication competence, ICT competence, computer competence, information and digital competence, digital competency. The content of the informational-digital competence of the pedagogical worker of elementary education is considered and the author's interpretation of this concept is given. In our opinion, the term information and digital competence of a pedagogical worker of primary education should be understood as the teacher's ability to confidently and rationally use information and digital technologies (programs, applications and services) in the process of educational activity among primary school pupils for the purpose of more efficient and effective pedagogical activities and the formation of appropriate skills and abilities in pupils, from the younger age. On the basis of the study of domestic and foreign scientific sources, state legal documents, the author argues that the above concepts go beyond the technological or digital industry. They concern a wide range of educational, culturological, socio-humanitarian and others. aspects. Also, the stages of formation of information and digital competence are described. It contains three components: knowledge, activity, value. Knowledge (cognitive) component involves activating the process of theoretical training. Activity-oriented (practical) component involves gaining practical skills in the field of using information and digital technologies. The value component implies the acquisition of the benefits of using information and communication technologies, as well as understanding the decisive role of ICT in the modern education system. A number of skills that are formed at each stage are defined