Chemi-mechanical pulping of durian rinds

The physical, optical and mechanical characteristics of pulp and paper made from waste durian rinds as an alternative raw material for papermaking were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. The durian rinds pulp was produced through chemi-mechanical pulping (CMP). Naturally dried durian rinds were treated with 10% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) based on oven dry (o.d) weight of durian rinds in room temperature for 2 hours and pulped by the refiner mechanical pulping (RMP) process. Experimental results show that durian rinds have great potential characteristics as newly explored non-wood based raw material for pulp and paper industry

Investigating the possibility of chemi-mechanical pulping of bagasse

Chemi-mechanical pulping was evaluated as a potential way to prepare sugarcane bagasse fibers for papermaking. Cellulose, lignin, ash, and extractives soluble in alcohol-acetone were measured as 55.75%, 20.5%, 1.85%, and 3.25%, respectively. Fiber length, diameter, lumen cavity, and cell wall thickness were measured as 1.59 mm, 20.96, 9.72, and 5.64 µm. The chemi-mechanical pulping conditions were selected as follows: three charging levels of 10, 15, and 20% sodium sulphite, and three pulping times of 20, 30, and 40 minutes after reaching the pulping temperature. Pulping temperature was held constant at 165 C. Different pulping conditions resulted in pulp yields between 65.38 and 84.28%. The highest yield (84.28%) was obtained using a treatment combination of 20 minutes pulping time and 10% sodium sulphite. The lowest yield (65.38%) was related to 40 minutes pulping time and 20% sodium sulphite. Pulps were refined to 300 ± 25 mL CSF, 60 gm-2 handsheets were made, and then strength indices and optical properties of the handsheets were measured. The results showed that 20% sodium sulphite, 40 minutes pulping time, at 165 ºC can be considered as the optimum pulping conditions for bagasse CMP pulping. Tensile, tear, and burst strength indices, as well as the opacity of this pulp were measured as 39.59 Nmg-1, 6.66 mNm2g-1, 2.1 KPa m2g-1, and 95.35%, respectively

The effect of Nano-MgO on the mechanical and flammability properties of hybrid nano composites from wood flour-polyethylene

This study considered the effect of nanomagnesium oxide on the mechanical and flammability features of composites made of wood flour and high-density polyethylene. A sample of wood flour was made from the mixture of hardwoods and high density polyethylene with the weight ratio of 50%. Maleic anhydride was added as a compatibilizer (2 phc), and nanomagnesium oxide was applied at 6 levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 phc). These materials were mixed, and samples were prepared with determined sizes by injection molding machine. The samples were subjected to flexural tests to examine the mechanical features, and to study flammability strength, various tests were conducted with a cone calorimeter, including the amount of char residue, total smoke production, time to ignition, and heat release rate, according to ASTM E1354-92 (1992). The addition of up to 3 phc nanomagnesium oxide increased flexural strength and modulus, but further additions decreased these values. The addition of 5 phc nanomagnesium oxide increased the char residue and ignition time, and it decreased the heat release rate, total smoke production, and burning rate. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated the improper transmittance of nanomagnesium oxide and accumulations in the samples.   PDF XM

Effect of nanoclay contents on properties, of bagasse flour/reprocessed high density polyethylene/nanoclay composites

The effect of nanoclay contents on the physical and mechanical properties of bagasse flour/ reprocessed high density polyethylene (rHDPE)/ nanoclay composites was investigated. The bagasse flour content was constant at 50%, the maleic anhydride content was constant at 3%, and the nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) content was set at three different levels: 0%, 2%, and 4%. The materials were mixed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder; afterwards, the specimens were fabricated using an injection molding method. The water absorption and mechanical properties, such as flexural and tensile strength, flexural and tensile modulus, and notched impact strength, were measured. The nanoclay dispersion was examined by X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that tensile and flexural modulus increased with an increase in nanoclay content. Also By increasing the nanoclay content at 2 wt.%, the tensile and flexural strengths of the composite were increased. However, the addition of 4 wt.% nanoclay resulted in reductions of these properties. Water absorption decreased with increasing nanoclay content. The structural examination of the bagasse polymer composite with X-ray diffraction showed that the nanoclay was distributed as an intercalated structure in the polymer matrix, and the d-spacing of layers decreased with increasing nanoclay content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that 2% nanoclay samples with lower and more uniform pores compared at 4% nanoclay samples, respectively

APPLICATION OF NSSC PULPING TO SUGARCANE BAGASSE

The NSSC pulping process was investigated to produce pulp from bagasse for corrugating board manufacture. The chemical contents including cellulose, lignin, ash, and extractives soluble in alcohol-acetone measured 55.75, 20.5, 1.85, and 3.25, respectively. The average fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen width, and cell wall thickness of bagasse were 1.59 mm, 20.96, 9.72, and 5.64 μm, respectively. The optimum conditions, with a yield of 74.95%, were achieved using 20 percent chemicals on the basis of sodium oxide, cooking temperature of 170 °C, and cooking time of 30 minutes. Pulp was refined to freeness 345 and 433 mL CSF according to Canadian standards. 127 g m-2 handsheets from both pulps were made and strength properties measured. Statistical analysis of results indicated that paper derived from freeness 345 and 433 mL CSF had better strength properties in all indices in comparison with NSSC pulp from hardwoods produced at Mazandaran Pulp and Paper factory, Iran

Comparison of the Effects of Two Biodegradable Coatings on the Characteristics of White-top Linerboard Used in Packaging Food Materials in Cold Environments

Effects of two biodegradable coatings were compared relative to the characteristics of white-top linerboard. To coat the surface of the paperboard, nano-polyurethane was sprayed onto the surface using a nozzle. Subsequently, the samples were placed inside a refrigerator and freezer for a period of 2 and 4 months. In the second stage, nano-polyurethane was again sprayed onto the surface, using a nozzle, to improve the performance of the coating material. To further enhance the coating, the surfaces of the coated white-top linerboard were coated with a nanoclay using a laboratory coater. Subsequently, the samples were placed inside a refrigerator and freezer for a period of 2 and 4 months. The properties of the samples were measured thereafter. The results showed a reduction in water absorption of the samples after coating and freezing. This can be attributed to the penetration of the coating solution into the paper pores, resulting in a decrease in pore diameter and, consequently, a decrease in water permeability through the paper pores. In the coated and frozen samples, an increase in thickness and surface smoothness was observed, but most of the mechanical strength properties decreased. These changes were more pronounced in the dual-layer coatings

The effect of water vapor treatment of wood flour on physical and mechanical properties of hybrid composite made of poplar fiber and recycled polypropylene

Abstract The effect of adding steamed and non-steamed fiber on physical and mechanical properties of the composites made of recycled polypropylene was investigated. Recycled polypropylene was used as a basic matrix at a 57% level, and poplar fibers were used at 180 °C for 1 h at a constant level of 40% in two forms: non-steamed and steamed. The ratio of steamed fibers to non-steamed fibers in composites was 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100, respectively. For all components, the coupling agent was maleic anhydride at a level of 3%. Mixing was done using an internal mixer at 180 °C and 60 rpm, and the samples were constructed by injection molding method. To investigate the effect of steam treatment on the fiber structure and crystallization, X-ray diffraction analysis and FTIR spectra were used. The results showed that the Steaming had no significant effect on resistance. But with steaming increased mechanical properties and physical properties of reduced. Keywords: Composites, Recycled polypropylene, Steamed fiber, XRD, FTI

Effect of Steamed and Non-Steamed Populus deltoides Fiber on the Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Characteristics of Composites Made from Virgin Polypropylene

The effects of steamed Populus deltoides fiber were studied relative to the physical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of composites made from virgin polypropylene. Fibers of Populus deltoides were used during the reinforcement phase at 180 °C for 1 h. The tests were carried out with 57% of virgin polypropylene that was combined with 3% of maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene and 40% of wood fiber. The wood fiber portion consisted of either non-steamed fiber, steamed fiber, and an equal mixture of the two kinds of fiber. Mixing was done using an internal mixer at 180 °C and 60 rpm, and the standard samples were constructed by injection molding. Then, the physical and mechanical characteristics of samples were measured. To consider compatibility between the matrix and reinforcement phase, SEM pictures were taken from the break surface of composite samples. The results showed that the composites’ strengths were affected by steam, as components having steamed fibers had the best mechanical strength and dimensional stability, and also the least water absorption and thickness swelling

Insight on the Feasibility of Producing Durable Paper from Spruce Pulp using the Sulfate Process

Bleached spruce sulfate pulp was used in this study to produce paper handsheets. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA( was introduced as a chelating agent in concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%. The handsheets were exposed to UV light at wavelengths ranging from 330 to 440 nm, with time intervals of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 h. Finally, the strength properties were measured based on ISO standards. The strength indices of the handsheets were improved by adding the proper concentration of EDTA chelating agent, in comparison with the control sample. Furthermore, increasing the aging time reduced the breaking length, tear strength, folding endurance, burst strength, and tensile strength. Tear index, tensile strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, and folding endurance were decreased respectively by 41.9, 3.1, 28.2, 29.7, and 8.6 percent without EDTA treatment by increasing the aging time