Mediekunskap i Finland : Nationella riktlinjer för mediefostran

Mediekunskap i Finland är ett dokument med nationella riktlinjer för politiken för mediekunskap och mediefostran i Finland som publicerats av undervisnings- och kulturministeriet (UKM) 2019. Dokumentet uppdaterar och utvidgar de tidigare kulturpolitiska riktlinjerna för mediekunskap, som publicerades 2013. Riktlinjerna Mediekunskap i Finland har som mål att tydliggöra aktörsfältet inom mediefostran och att beskriva styrkorna, värderingarna och principerna i finländsk mediefostran. Därtill lyfts utvecklingsobjekt och anknutna samhälleliga, kulturella och teknologiska utvecklingstrender fram. Riktlinjerna för mediekunskap innehåller tre huvudmål, enligt vilka man i Finland ger en täckande, högklassig och systematisk mediefostran. Riktlinjerna innehåller flera förslag till åtgärder som främjar arbetet med att uppnå målen. Visionen i dessa riktlinjer är att möjligheterna att utveckla den egna mediekunskapen förbättras för varje människa. Undervisnings- och kulturministeriet gav Nationella audiovisuella institutet (KAVI) i uppdrag att uppdatera riktlinjerna. KAVI genomförde beredningen av riktlinjerna i samarbete med UKM och i ett tväradministrativt och -sektoriellt samarbete med aktörerna inom området för mediefostran. I beredningen av riktlinjerna utnyttjades webbenkäten om nuläget och framtiden för mediefostran, resultaten av de planeringsworkshoppar inom mediefostran som ordnades i sju olika städer samt intervjuer som gjorts med professorer. Som en del av beredningen gjordes en översikt över de riktlinjedokument som behandlar mediefostran inom olika förvaltningsområden

Peruskoulun opettajien perustelut tieto- ja viestintäteknologian opetuskäytölle

Tässä tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin, mitä tieto- ja viestintäteknologisia (TVT) laitteita ja sovelluksia suomalaiset peruskoulun opettajat käyttävät opetuksessaan ja missä opetustilanteissa TVT:aa käytetään. Lisäksi selvitettiin, miten opettajat perustelevat laitteiden ja sovellusten valintaa ja millä perusteella opetustilanteet valikoituvat. Tutkimusjoukko koostui vapaaehtoisesti kyselyyn vastanneista peruskoulun opettajista (N=34). Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan laadullinen. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin sekä paperisella että sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella. Kyselylomake koostui strukturoiduista taustakysymyksistä sekä avoimista kysymyksistä. Aineiston analyysimenetelminä yhdisteltiin sekä laadullista että määrällistä analyysia. Tutkimustulosten mukaan opettajat käyttävät TVT-laitteista opetuskäytössä eniten tietokonetta ja tablettia. Laitteissa käytetään eniten erilaisia oppimispelejä, digitaalisia oppimisympäristöjä sekä tekstinkäsittelyohjelmia. TVT:aa käytetään opetuksessa eniten tiedon esittämiseen opetustilanteessa, oppilaiden pelaamiseen sekä oppilaiden oman sisällön tuottamiseen. Opettajat valikoivat käytettävät TVT-välineet ja opetustilanteet, joissa TVT:aa käytetään, samoin perustein. TVT:n tulisi tukea opettajan omaa opetusta ja työskentelyä sekä olla riittävän helppokäyttöistä niin opettajalle kuin oppilaillekin. Lisäksi TVT:n käytön tulisi olla pedagogisesti mielekästä ja oppilaita motivoivaa. Niin laitteiden ja sovellusten kuin opetustilanteidenkin valitsemista rajaavat käytössä olevat resurssit TVT:n suhteen. Uusia laitteita ja sovelluksia opettajat valitsevat opetuskäyttöön eniten muiden suositusten ja oman mielenkiinnon perusteella. Tulokset ovat linjassa aiemman Suomesta kerätyn tiedon kanssa. Tutkimustulokset viittaavat siihen, että koulujen ja opetuksen tieto- ja viestintäteknologisia ratkaisuja on syytä pohtia sekä opettajan että oppilaan näkökulmasta. Ratkaisujen tulisi palvella niin opettamista kuin oppilaiden työskentelyä ja oppimista

Brain structural alterations in autism and criminal psychopathy

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The AuthorsThe goal of this study was to elucidate the anatomical brain basis of social cognition through two disorders with distinctively different phenotypes of social interaction. We compared structural MR images of 20 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 19 violent offenders with high psychopathic traits, and 19 control participants using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Our earlier study showed lower grey matter volume (GMV) values in the insula, frontal cortex, and sensorimotor cortex of the offender group compared to controls. In the present study, the images of the ASD group revealed lower GMV in the left precuneus, right cerebellum, and right precentral gyrus in comparison with controls. The comparison between the offender and ASD groups showed lower GMV values for the right temporal pole and left inferior frontal gyrus in the offender group. There was also an overlap of both disorders in the right pre-central cortex, showing lower GMV compared to controls. Our findings suggest structural differences between violent offenders with high psychopathy traits and ASD individuals in the frontotemporal social brain network areas, previously associated with empathy. We also provide evidence of similar abnormal structures in the motor cortex for both of these disorders, possibly related to uniting issues of social cognition.Peer reviewe

Clinical and molecular genetic risk determinants in adult long QT syndrome type 1 and 2 patients

Background: Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac disorder predisposing to sudden cardiac death (SCD). We studied factors affecting the clinical course of genetically confirmed patients, in particular those not receiving beta-blocker treatment. In addition, an attempt was made to associate risk of events to specific types of KCNQ1 and KCNH2 mutations. Methods: A follow-up study covering a mean of 18.6 +/- 6.1 years was conducted in 867 genetically confirmed LQT1 and LQT2 patients and 654 non-carrier relatives aged 18-40 years. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the contribution of clinical and genetic risk factors to cardiac events. Results: In mutation carriers, risk factors for cardiac events before initiation of beta-blocker included LQT2 genotype (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.1, p = 0.002), female gender (HR = 3.2, p = 500 ms (vs G and other KCNQ1 mutation carriers after adjusting for gender, QTc duration, and cardiac events before age 18. KCNH2 c. 453delC, L552S and R176W mutations associated with lower risk (HR = 0.11-0.23, p <0.001) than other KCNH2 mutations. Conclusions: LQT2 (compared to LQT1), female gender, a cardiac event before age 18, and long QT interval increased the risk of cardiac events in LQTS patients aged 18 to 40 years. The nature of the underlying mutation may be associated with risk variation in both LQT1 and LQT2. The identification of high-risk and low-risk mutations may enhance risk stratification.Peer reviewe

Brain structural alterations in autism and criminal psychopathy

The goal of this study was to elucidate the anatomical brain basis of social cognition through two disorders with distinctively different phenotypes of social interaction. We compared structural MR images of 20 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 19 violent offenders with high psychopathic traits, and 19 control participants using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Our earlier study showed lower grey matter volume (GMV) values in the insula, frontal cortex, and sensorimotor cortex of the offender group compared to controls. In the present study, the images of the ASD group revealed lower GMV in the left precuneus, right cerebellum, and right precentral gyrus in comparison with controls. The comparison between the offender and ASD groups showed lower GMV values for the right temporal pole and left inferior frontal gyrus in the offender group. There was also an overlap of both disorders in the right pre-central cortex, showing lower GMV compared to controls. Our findings suggest structural differences between violent offenders with high psychopathy traits and ASD individuals in the frontotemporal social brain network areas, previously associated with empathy. We also provide evidence of similar abnormal structures in the motor cortex for both of these disorders, possibly related to uniting issues of social cognition

Aberrant motor contagion of emotions in psychopathy and high-functioning autism

Psychopathy and autism are both associated with aberrant social skills and empathy, yet only psychopaths are markedly antisocial and violent. Here, we compared the functional neural alterations underlying these two groups that both have aberrant empathetic abilities but distinct behavioral phenotypes. We studied 19 incarcerated male offenders with high psychopathic traits, 20 males with high-functioning autism, and 19 age-matched healthy controls. All groups underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed dynamic happy, angry, and disgusted faces or listened to laughter and crying sounds. Psychopathy was associated with reduced somatomotor responses to almost all expressions, while participants with autism demonstrated less marked and emotion-specific alterations in the somatomotor area. These data suggest that psychopathy and autism involve both common and distinct functional alterations in the brain networks involved in the socioemotional processing. The alterations are more profound in psychopathy, possibly reflecting the more severely disturbed socioemotional brain networks in this population

Mendelian randomisation implicates hyperlipidaemia as a risk factor for colorectal cancer.

While elevated blood cholesterol has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in observational studies, causality is uncertain. Here we apply a Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to examine the potential causal relationship between lipid traits and CRC risk. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as instrumental variables (IV). We calculated MR estimates for each risk factor with CRC using SNP-CRC associations from 9,254 cases and 18,386 controls. Genetically predicted higher TC was associated with an elevated risk of CRC (odds ratios (OR) per unit SD increase = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.79, P=1.68x10−4). The pooled ORs for LDL, HDL, and TG were 1.05 (95% CI: 0.92-1.18, P=0.49), 0.94 (95% CI: 0.84-1.05, P= 0.27), and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.85-1.12, P=0.75) respectively. A genetic risk score for 3-hydoxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) to mimic the effects of statin therapy was associated with a reduced CRC risk (OR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.49-0.99, P=0.046). This study supports a causal relationship between higher levels of TC with CRC risk, and a further rationale for implementing public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Variation at 2q35 (PNKD and TMBIM1) influences colorectal cancer risk and identifies a pleiotropic effect with inflammatory bowel disease

To identify new risk loci for colorectal cancer (CRC), we conducted a meta-analysis of seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with independent replication, totalling 13 656 CRC cases and 21 667 controls of European ancestry. The combined analysis identified a new risk association for CRC at 2q35 marked by rs992157 (P = 3.15 x 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.13), which is intronic to PNKD (paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia) and TMBIM1 (transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 1). Intriguingly this susceptibility single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is in strong linkage disequilibrium (r(2) = 0.90, D' = 0.96) with the previously discovered GWAS SNP rs2382817 for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Following on from this observation we examined for pleiotropy, or shared genetic susceptibility, between CRC and the 200 established IBD risk loci, identifying an additional 11 significant associations (false discovery rate [FDR]) <0.05). Our findings provide further insight into the biological basis of inherited genetic susceptibility to CRC, and identify risk factors that may influence the development of both CRC and IBD.Peer reviewe

Mendelian randomisation analysis strongly implicates adiposity with risk of developing colorectal cancer

Background: Observational studies have associated adiposity with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, such studies do not establish a causal relationship. To minimise bias from confounding we performed a Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to examine the relationship between adiposity and CRC. Methods: We used SNPs associated with adult body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), childhood obesity and birth weight as instrumental variables in a MR analysis of 9254 CRC cases and 18 386 controls. Results: In the MR analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) of CRC risk per unit increase in BMI, WHR and childhood obesity were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.02-1.49, P = 0.033), 1.59 (95% CI: 1.08-2.34, P = 0.019) and 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03-1.13, P = 0.018), respectively. There was no evidence for association between birth weight and CRC (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89-1.67, P = 0.22). Combining these data with a concurrent MR-based analysis for BMI and WHR with CRC risk (totalling to 18 190 cases, 27 617 controls) provided increased support, ORs for BMI and WHR were 1.26 (95% CI: 1.10-1.44, P = 7.7 x 10(-4)) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.14-1.72, P = 1.2 x 10(-3)), respectively. Conclusions: These data provide further evidence for a strong causal relationship between adiposity and the risk of developing CRC highlighting the urgent need for prevention and treatment of adiposity.Peer reviewe