C^{2} formulation of Euler fluid

The Hamiltonian formalism for the continuous media is constructed using the representation of Euler variables in $\mathcal{C}^{2}\times \infty$ phase space.Comment: 8 page

Atividades e práticas em coletivos de trabalho - mutirões - em agroflorestas agroecológicas do litoral do Paraná, Brasil.

O objetivo desse trabalho é a caracterização, análise e discussão das ações praticadas nos mutirões do Grupo de Produtores Agroflorestais Gralha Azul, de Morretes-PR. Dezesseis mutirões do grupo foram acompanhados. As atividades realizadas foram: preparo de canteiro (12 mutirões) e plantio de frutíferas (4). Houve dois tipos de preparo de canteiro: mecanizado e não mecanizado. No mecanizado, com enxada rotativa, em média 7 agricultores em cerca de 6 horas fizeram 121,8 m² de canteiros com largura fixa de 1,20m. Já no não mecanizado, a média foi de 6 agricultores trabalhando cerca de 6 horas fazendo 65,3m² de canteiro com largura média de 0,56 m. Em média nos plantios de frutíferas 6 agricultores trabalharam cerca de 4 horas. A preferência por estas atividades é reflexo tanto do aproveitamento de mão de obra para trabalhos mais árduos quanto pelo fato que a agrofloresta é uma atividade recente. As práticas observadas são recomendações técnicas baseadas na troca de saberes que acontecem entre os técnicos e agricultores e seguem fundamentos agroecológicos.Edição dos resumos do 7º Congresso Brasileiro de Agroecologia, 2013, Porto Alegre

Interactive effects of vascular risk burden and advanced age on cerebral blood flow.

Vascular risk factors and cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction have been linked to increased risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD); however the possible moderating effects of age and vascular risk burden on CBF in late life remain understudied. We examined the relationships among elevated vascular risk burden, age, CBF, and cognition. Seventy-one non-demented older adults completed an arterial spin labeling MR scan, neuropsychological assessment, and medical history interview. Relationships among vascular risk burden, age, and CBF were examined in a priori regions of interest (ROIs) previously implicated in aging and AD. Interaction effects indicated that, among older adults with elevated vascular risk burden (i.e., multiple vascular risk factors), advancing age was significantly associated with reduced cortical CBF whereas there was no such relationship for those with low vascular risk burden (i.e., no or one vascular risk factor). This pattern was observed in cortical ROIs including medial temporal (hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus), inferior parietal (supramarginal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus), and frontal (anterior cingulate, middle frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus) cortices. Furthermore, among those with elevated vascular risk, reduced CBF was associated with poorer cognitive performance. Such findings suggest that older adults with elevated vascular risk burden may be particularly vulnerable to cognitive change as a function of CBF reductions. Findings support the use of CBF as a potential biomarker in preclinical AD and suggest that vascular risk burden and regionally-specific CBF changes may contribute to differential age-related cognitive declines

Using manipulated photographs to identify features of streetscapes that may encourage older adults to walk for transport

Experimental evidence of environmental features important for physical activity is challenging to procure in real world settings. The current study aimed to investigate the causal effects of environmental modifications on a photographed street\u27s appeal for older adults\u27 walking for transport. Secondly, we examined whether these effects differed according to gender, functional limitations, and current level of walking for transport. Thirdly, we examined whether different environmental modifications interacted with each other. Qualitative responses were also reported to gain deeper insight into the observed quantitative relationships. Two sets of 16 panoramic photographs of a streetscape were created, in which six environmental factors were manipulated (sidewalk evenness, traffic level, general upkeep, vegetation, separation from traffic, and benches). Sixty older adults sorted these photographs on appeal for walking for transport on a 7-point scale and reported qualitative information on the reasons for their rankings. Sidewalk evenness appeared to have the strongest influence on a street\u27s appeal for transport-related walking. The effect of sidewalk evenness was even stronger when the street\u27s overall upkeep was good and when traffic was absent. Absence of traffic, presence of vegetation, and separation from traffic also increased a street\u27s appeal for walking for transport. There were no moderating effects by gender or functional limitations. The presence of benches increased the streetscape\u27s appeal among participants who already walked for transport at least an hour/week. The protocols and methods used in the current study carry the potential to further our understanding of environment-PA relationships. Our findings indicated sidewalk evenness as the most important environmental factor influencing a street\u27s appeal for walking for transport among older adults. However, future research in larger samples and in real-life settings is needed to confirm current findings

Gestion de données terminologiques : principes, méthodes, modèles

Les données terminologiques multilingues représentent une composante essentielle dans de nombreux secteurs d'activité, dont la rédaction et la traduction techniques, l'indexation, la recherche d'information [WRI 97] [WRI 01]. L'élaboration de ces ressources s'avérant fort coûteuse, les échanges et la fusion de données constituent un aspect important de la constitution de la majeure partie des bases de données terminologiques connues. Dans le présent chapitre, nous essayons de montrer, en cohérence avec les grandes initiatives internationales de normalisation (ISO1, W3C2 et TEI3) comment il est possible d'apporter un certain nombre de réponses cohérentes à ces difficultés

What’s so bad about scientism?

In their attempt to defend philosophy from accusations of uselessness made by prominent scientists, such as Stephen Hawking, some philosophers respond with the charge of ‘scientism.’ This charge makes endorsing a scientistic stance, a mistake by definition. For this reason, it begs the question against these critics of philosophy, or anyone who is inclined to endorse a scientistic stance, and turns the scientism debate into a verbal dispute. In this paper, I propose a different definition of scientism, and thus a new way of looking at the scientism debate. Those philosophers who seek to defend philosophy against accusations of uselessness would do philosophy a much better service, I submit, if they were to engage with the definition of scientism put forth in this paper, rather than simply make it analytic that scientism is a mistake

Mutirões de trabalho em agroflorestas agroecológicas: variações e padrões nas atividades e práticas.

Uma das maneiras na qual os agricultores praticantes de agroflorestas agroecológicas utilizam para fortificar os laços entre a comunidade é o mutirão. O objetivo desse trabalho é caracterização dos mutirões do Grupo de Produtores Agroflorestais Gralha Azul, de Morretes - PR. Para tanto sistematizou - se, com auxílio de formulário específico, a informação de dezesseis eventos de mutirões nas áreas da s agricultores do Gralha Azul observados entre setembro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. As atividades realizadas foram: preparo de canteiro (1 2 dos 16 mutirões) e plantio de primavera (4 ). Dois tipos de preparo de canteiro foram observados: mecanizado e não mecanizado. No mecanizado, com enxada rotativa, em média 6,8 agricultores trabalharam 5,85 horas fazendo 121,8 m² de canteiros com largura fixa de 1,20m. Já no não mecanizado, a média por mutirão foi de 6,25 agricultores trabalhando 6,06 horas e fizeram 65 ,3m² de canteiro, com a largura do canteiro variando de 0,3 a 1,20, com média de 0,56 m. Em média nas atividades de plantio de frutíferas 6 agricultores trabalharam 3,72 horas. A preferência pelo preparo de canteiros e do plantio nos mutirões é reflexo ta nto do aproveito de mão de obra para os trabalhos mais árduos quanto pelo fato que a agrofloresta é uma atividade recente e em expansão na região. A s práticas observadas seguem fundamentos agroecológicos e são fortemente influenciados por recomendações em píricas e científicas

Furthering alternative cultures of valuation in higher education research

The value of higher education is often implicit or assumed in educational research. The underlying and antecedent premises that shape and influence debates about value remain unchallenged which perpetuates the dominant, but limiting, terms of the debate and fosters reductionism. I proceed on the premise that analyses of value are not self–supporting or self-referential but are embedded within prevailing cultures of valuation. I contend that challenging, and providing alternatives to, dominant narratives of higher education requires an appreciation of those cultures. I therefore highlight some of the existing cultures of valuation and their influence. I then propose Sayer’s concept of lay normativity as a culture of valuation and discuss how it translates into the practices of research into higher education, specifically the practice of analysis. I animate the discussion by detecting the presence of lay normativity in the evaluative space of the capability approach

Feiras livres como alternativa de comercialização de produtos da agrofloresta.

Com a busca por alternativas comerciais socialmente justas como maneira de otimizar a comercialização de produtos provenientes de agricultura familiar, destaca se a venda direta através de feiras, livres, que permite acesso direto ao consumidor sem necessidade de intermediadores. O Grupo de Produtores Agroflorestais Gralha Azul, de Morretes-PR, iniciou plantios de agroflorestas agroecológicas em 2009, sendo formado, atualmente, por 12 famílias de agricultores. Há um ano, o Gralha Azul iniciou sua participação na Matinfeira, feira semanal de produtos da agricultura familiar em Matinhos, PR. Com o objetivo de caracterização dos produtos, produtores e do processo de comercialização, foram acompanhados e sistematizados em planilha a comercialização destes produtos em 22 feiras semanais, entre maio e dezembro de 2012. Onze produtores participaram da Matinfeira, comercializando entre 13 e 29 variedades de alimentos, e proporcionando uma renda que variou de R$101,00 a R$ 386,50, por semana. Mensalmente, as feiras permitiram uma receita bruta de R$ 141,17 por produtor familiar agroflorestal. Apesar desse baixo valor, há que se considerar que o mesmo reflete os primeiros seis meses de atuação do Grupo no processo de comercialização na feira (Matinfeira). A venda direta através desta feira livre mostra potencial como alternativa comercial socialmente justa para os produtores em transição agroecológica do Grupo Gralha Azul

Assessing cycling-friendly environments for children: are micro-environmental factors equally important across different street settings?

BACKGROUND: As physical activity levels decrease as children age, sustainable and accessible forms of physical activity are needed from a young age. Transportation cycling is one such physical activity and has been associated with many benefits. The aims of the study were to identify whether manipulating micro-environmental factors (e.g. speed limis, evenness of cycle path) within a photographed street influences the perceived supportiveness for transportation cycling; and whether changing these micro-environmental factors has the same effect across different street settings. METHODS: We recruited 305 fifth and sixth grade children and their parents from twelve randomly selected primary schools in Flanders, Belgium. They completed a web-based questionnaire including 12 choice-based conjoint tasks, in which they had to choose between two possible routes depicted on manipulated photographs, which the child would cycle along. The routes differed in four attributes: general street setting (enclosed, half open, open), evenness of cycle path (very uneven, moderately uneven, even), speed limit (70 km/h, 50 km/h, 30 km/h) and degree of separation between a cycle path and motorised traffic (no separation, curb, hedge). Hierarchical Bayes analyses revealed the relative importance of each micro-environmental attribute across the three street settings. RESULTS: For each attribute, children and their parents chose routes that had the best alternative (i.e. open street setting, even cycle path, 30 km/h, a hedge separating the cycle path from motorised traffic). The evenness of the cycle path and lower speed limit had the largest effect for the children, while the degree of separation and lower speed limit had the largest effect for their parents. Interactions between micro-scale and macro-scale factors revealed differences in the magnitude but not direction of their effects on route choice. The results held across the different kinds of street settings tested. CONCLUSIONS: Improving micro-scale attributes may increase the supportiveness of a street for children\u27s transportation cycling. We call for on-site research to test effects of changes in micro-environmental attributes on transportation cycling among children