Tunneälykäs johtaminen tulevaisuuden trendinä sosiaali- ja terveysalalla : Delfoi -tutkimus

Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan tulevaisuudentutkimuksen tutkimusmetodein tunneälykkään johtamisen tulevaisuutta sosiaali- ja terveysalalla. Tutkimuskysymyksenä on, miten sosiaali- ja terveysalalla toimivat henkilöstöjohtajat suhtautuvat tunneälykkyyteen johtamistyössä ja miten he näkevät tunneälykkään johtamisen tulevaisuuden sosiaali- ja terveysalan toimintaympäristössä. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu tunneälyteorian ympärille. Lisäksi työstä löytyvät tunneteoria ja johtamisteoriat. Ensimmäisessä luvussa tutustutaan tunneälyyn ja tunteiden mekanismiin yleisellä tasolla sekä niiden vaikutukseen työyhteisössä. Toisessa luvussa syvennytään tarkemmin näihin teemoihin johtamisen kontekstissa ja tarkastellaan, miten tunteet vaikuttavat suorituskykyyn, miten tunteita voi johtaa ja mitä tarkoitetaan tilannesidonnaisella johtamisella. Kolmannessa luvussa siirrytään tutkielman toimintaympäristöön. Tässä luvussa käsitellään erilaisia johtamismalleja sosiaali- ja terveysalalla, selvitetään, millaisia kompetensseja sosiaali- ja terveysalan johtamiseen liittyy ja miltä sosiaali- ja terveysalan toimintaympäristö näyttää nyt ja tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimus on toteutettu kahden kierroksen Delfoi-menetelmällä. Ensimmäinen kierros toteutettiin puolistrukturoidulla teemahaastattelulla ja toinen kierros verkkokyselyllä. Ensimmäisen kierroksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten henkilöstöjohtajat suhtautuvat tunneälykkyyteen johtamistyössä ja samalla kartoittaa tunneälykkyyden nykytilaa. Ensimmäisen kierroksen tuloksista muodostettiin toiselle kierrokselle kahdeksan tulevaisuuden teesiä ja kolme skenaariota. Nämä rakennettiin niistä keskeisistä teemoista, jotka haastattelussa nousivat esille. Toisen kierroksen tavoitteena oli selvittää miten henkilöstöjohtajat näkevät tunneälykkään johtamisen tulevaisuuden sosiaali- ja terveysalan toimintaympäristössä. Toinen kierros toteutettiin eDelphi-verkkoympäristössä. Tutkimustuloksista voidaan päätellä, että henkilöstöjohtajat pitävät tunneälykkyyttä tärkeänä työkaluna johtamistyössä ja välttämättömänä osaamistarpeena sosiaali- ja terveysalalla. Jokainen tutkimukseen osallistunut johtaja käytti myös itse tunneälyä hyväkseen omassa työssään. Muutos kohti tunneälykästä ja inhimillistä johtamista on toivottava suunta, mutta sen tulevaisuuteen vaikuttaa merkittävästi se, millaisia johtajia valitaan ylimpään johtoon

Poly(dialkyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaattien) faasikäyttäytyminen vedessä

Työssä syntetisoitiin poly(di-isopropyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaattia) ja tutkittiin sen alemman kriittisen liuoslämpötilan riippuvuutta puskurista, pH:sta ja ionivahvuudesta. Lisäksi valmistettiin dimetyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaatista ja di-isopropyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaatista koostuva lohkopolymeeri ja tutkittiin sen pH- ja lämpöherkkyyttä. Kaikki polymeerit syntetisoitiin reversiibelillä additio-fragmentaatio ketjunsiirto -polymeroinnilla ja karakterisoitiin NMR-spektroskopialla ja kokoekskluusiokromatografisesti. Poly(di-isopropyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaatin) faasitransitioita tutkittiin transmittanssimittauksin, differentiaalisella pyyhkäisykalorimetrialla, valonsironnalla ja fluoresenssimittauksin. Faasitransitioita seurattiin eri pH-arvoissa, puskuriliuoksissa ja ionivahvuuksissa. Lisäksi tutkittiin bis(trifluorometyylisulfonyyli)imidi-ionien lisäyksen vaikutusta polymeerin liuoskäyttäytymiseen. Tärkeä havainto oli, että poly(di-isopropyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaatilla) ei havaittu faasitransitiota puhtaassa vedessä. Faasien erottumisen nähtiin riippuvan voimakkaasti liuoksen pH-arvosta, käytetystä puskurista ja/tai ionivahvuudesta. Sitraatin käyttö puskurina johti teräviin ja helposti havaittaviin transitioihin. Fosfaatilla puskuroidulla poly(di-isopropyyliaminoetyylimetakrylaatilla) havaittiin myös transitio, mutta laajemmalla lämpötilavälillä hystereesin ollessa huomattavaa. Koska sitraatin ionivahvuus on fosfaattia suurempi, mitattiin natriumkloridia käyttäen mittaussarja, jossa ionivahvuus ylitti sitraatilla puskuroitujen näytteiden ionivahvuudet merkittävästi. Koska kyseisen mittaussarjan transitiot olivat vielä heikompia, voitiin päätellä, ettei kyse ollut yksinomaan ionivahvuudesta. Pääteltiin, että syy piilee puskurin ja polymeerin välisissä vuorovaikutuksissa; mahdollisesti puskurin kyvystä vastaanottaa protoneita faasitransition aikana ja siten edesauttaa faasierottumista. Bis(trifluorometyylisulfonyyli)imidilisäyksen nähtiin vaikuttavan polymeerin liuoskäyttäytymiseen. Kun lisäys oli riittävä ja liuoksen pH matala, havaittiin ylemmän kriittisen liuoslämpötilan faasikäyttäytymistä. Kun anionin pitoisuus oli pieni ja/tai kun liuoksen pH oli korkeampi, polymeerilla havaittiin alempi kriittinen liuoslämpötila. Lohkopolymeerin niin ikään nähtiin olevan pH- ja lämpöherkkä ja mahdollisesti muodostavan misellejä pH:n ja lämmön vaikutuksesta

Phase Separation of Aqueous Poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) upon Heating

Poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) is a pH- and thermally responsive water-soluble polymer. This study deepens the understanding of its phase separation behavior upon heating. Phase separation upon heating was investigated in salt solutions of varying pH and ionic strength. The effect of the counterion on the phase transition upon heating is clearly demonstrated for chloride-, phosphate-, and citrate-anions. Phase separation did not occur in pure water. The buffer solutions exhibited similar cloud points, but phase separation occurred in different pH ranges and with different mechanisms. The solution behavior of a block copolymer comprising poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and PDPA was investigated. Since the PDMAEMA and PDPA blocks phase separate within different pH- and temperature ranges, the block copolymer forms micelle-like structures at high temperature or pH.Poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) is a pH-and thermally responsive water-soluble polymer. This study deepens theunderstanding of its phase separation behavior upon heating. Phase separationupon heating was investigated in salt solutions of varying pH and ionicstrength. The effect of the counterion on the phase transition upon heating isclearly demonstrated for chloride-, phosphate-, and citrate-anions. Phaseseparation did not occur in pure water. The buffer solutions exhibited similarcloud points, but phase separation occurred in different pH ranges and withdifferent mechanisms. The solution behavior of a block copolymer comprisingpoly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and PDPA wasinvestigated. Since the PDMAEMA and PDPA blocks phase separate withindifferent pH- and temperature ranges, the block copolymer forms micelle-likestructures at high temperature or pHPeer reviewe

Well-dispersed clay in photopolymerized poly(ionic liquid) matrix

This contribution presents a methodology for combining the solvating power of ionic liquids with polymer composite synthesis. A polymerizable ionic liquid was used as solvent to disperse clay, after which the mixture was polymerized into a solid polymer-clay composite. Polymer-clay composites were prepared with filler load-ings up to 10 wt%. The addition of clay as filler enhanced mechanical properties; tensile strength and stiffness of the materials exhibited appreciable improvements. The glass transition temperature of the materials shifted to slightly higher temperatures due to the hindered segmental motions of the polymer chains. The improvements were the highest at approximately 5 wt% filler content. When the filler content was increased further, excessive aggregate formation impaired the material properties.Peer reviewe

Tough Materials Through Ionic Interactions

This article introduces butyl acrylate-based materials that are toughened with dynamic crosslinkers. These dynamic crosslinkers are salts where both the anion and cation polymerize. The ion pairs between the polymerized anions and cations form dynamic crosslinks that break and reform under deformation. Chemical crosslinker was used to bring shape stability. The extent of dynamic and chemical crosslinking was related to the mechanical and thermal properties of the materials. Furthermore, the dependence of the material properties on different dynamic crosslinkers-tributyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium sulfopropyl acrylate (C4ASA) and trihexyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium sulfopropyl acrylate (C6ASA)-was studied. The materials' mechanical and thermal properties were characterized by means of tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The dynamic crosslinks strengthened the materials considerably. Chemical crosslinks decreased the elasticity of the materials but did not significantly affect their strength. Comparison of the two ionic crosslinkers revealed that changing the crosslinker from C4ASA to C6ASA results in more elastic, but slightly weaker materials. In conclusion, dynamic crosslinks provide substantial enhancement of mechanical properties of the materials. This is a unique approach that is utilizable for a wide variety of polymer materials.Peer reviewe

Clay Composites by In Situ Polymerization of Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersions

Flexible composite materials were prepared by in situ copolymerization of ionic liquid like monomers-namely 1-vinyl-3- ethyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (M1) and 1-(2-acryloyloxyundecyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (M2) that were cross-linked with 1,1 '-octane-1,8-diylbis(3-vinyl imidazolium) di[bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide] (CL). Mixtures of polymerizable ionic liquids were used to disperse organo-modified montmorillonite clay as a filler. Polymerization of the mixtures resulted in copolymer composites. The glass transition temperature of the composites could be tuned in the range of -2-127 degrees C by varying the ratio of the ionic liquid monomers M1 and M2, which is presented in the article for the first time along with its homopolymer. The mechanical properties were significantly enhanced by using a copolymer matrix instead of either of the respective homopolymers. The toughest M1-M2 copolymer composite exhibited a toughness of 5.3 +/- 1.4 MPa, while the toughnesses of corresponding poly(M1) and poly(M2) films were 0.6 +/- 0.2 and 0.5 +/- 0.003 MPa, respectively. The composite could be filled uniformly with large amounts of montmorillonite clay. The copolymer matrix was able to take up large amounts of clay while still exhibiting mechanical properties that surpassed the unfilled matrix.Peer reviewe

Human organotypic airway and lung organoid cells of bronchiolar and alveolar differentiation are permissive to infection by influenza and SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the initiation of unprecedented research efforts to understand the pathogenesis mediated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More knowledge is needed regarding the cell type-specific cytopathology and its impact on cellular tropism. Furthermore, the impact of novel SARS-CoV-2 mutations on cellular tropism, alternative routes of entry, the impact of co-infections, and virus replication kinetics along the respiratory tract remains to be explored in improved models. Most applied virology models are not well suited to address the remaining questions, as they do not recapitulate the histoarchitecture and cellular composition of human respiratory tissues. The overall aim of this work was to establish from single biopsy specimens, a human adult stem cell-derived organoid model representing the upper respiratory airways and lungs and explore the applicability of this model to study respiratory virus infection. First, we characterized the organoid model with respect to growth pattern and histoarchitecture, cellular composition, and functional characteristics. Next, in situ expression of viral entry receptors, including influenza virus-relevant sialic acids and SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were confirmed in organoids of bronchiolar and alveolar differentiation. We further showed successful infection by pseudotype influenza A H7N1 and H5N1 virus, and the ability of the model to support viral replication of influenza A H7N1 virus. Finally, successful infection and replication of a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 were confirmed in the organoids by TCID50 assay and immunostaining to detect intracellular SARS-CoV-2 specific nucleocapsid and dsRNA. The prominent syncytia formation in organoid tissues following SARS-CoV-2 infection mimics the findings from infected human tissues in situ. We conclude that the human organotypic model described here may be particularly useful for virology studies to evaluate regional differences in the host response to infection. The model contains the various cell types along the respiratory tract, expresses respiratory virus entry factors, and supports successful infection and replication of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the model may serve as a relevant and reliable tool in virology and aid in pandemic preparedness, and efficient evaluation of antiviral strategies.publishedVersio

Final clinical practicum shapes the transition experience and occupational commitment of newly graduated nurses in Europe—A longitudinal study

Aims: The aim of the study was to examine the association between the characteristics of a nursing student's final clinical practicum and the success of transition of newly graduated nurses (NGNs) in six European countries.Design: A longitudinal design with two data collections points (pre- and post-graduate).Methods: The data were collected with an online survey between May 2018 and April 2020 from graduating nursing students (n = 1796) in Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Lithuania and Spain. Altogether, 642 NGNs responded to the second questionnaire 1 year after graduation. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations between five clinical practicum characteristics and three indicators for the success of transition (ease of transition, turnover intentions and occupational commitment). Models were adjusted for demographic and background/workplace factors and professional competence.Results: Several associations were observed between the different clinical practicum characteristics and the indicators for a successful transition. Good pedagogical atmosphere and good supervisory relationship were associated with higher likelihood of an easy transition. Good leadership style of the ward manager, good premises of nursing care on the ward and a good supervisory relationship were associated with higher occupational commitment. No consistent association with turnover intention was found.Conclusion: Having a good final clinical practicum before graduation can contribute to an easier transition experience for newly NGNs and strengthen their commitment to the nursing profession.Impact: This study adds to the limited existing knowledge about the importance of final clinical practicums in shaping the transition process and occupational commitment of NGNs. Investing in creating a good final practicum experience could help healthcare organizations engage new nursing professionals and thus alleviate the existing shortage of nurses.</p

Value of Safety (VALOSA) : Final report

Many companies describe safety as their top priority, but does that mean that safety is a value for them? Values are more stable and can be expected to have a more sustainable impact on safety than safety as “just a priority”. Particularly in an era of deregulation, globalization, economic downturn and the ‘changing world of work’, values and culture are more stable than mana- gement systems or priorities. There is often an imbalance between safety values and business values, leading to dilemmas and unsafe situations. By exploring safety values and dilemmas, this report provides insights into more successful mechanisms that have the potential to strengthen and promote safety values

Retinotopic Maps, Spatial Tuning, and Locations of Human Visual Areas in Surface Coordinates Characterized with Multifocal and Blocked fMRI Designs

The localization of visual areas in the human cortex is typically based on mapping the retinotopic organization with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The most common approach is to encode the response phase for a slowly moving visual stimulus and to present the result on an individual's reconstructed cortical surface. The main aims of this study were to develop complementary general linear model (GLM)-based retinotopic mapping methods and to characterize the inter-individual variability of the visual area positions on the cortical surface. We studied 15 subjects with two methods: a 24-region multifocal checkerboard stimulus and a blocked presentation of object stimuli at different visual field locations. The retinotopic maps were based on weighted averaging of the GLM parameter estimates for the stimulus regions. In addition to localizing visual areas, both methods could be used to localize multiple retinotopic regions-of-interest. The two methods yielded consistent retinotopic maps in the visual areas V1, V2, V3, hV4, and V3AB. In the higher-level areas IPS0, VO1, LO1, LO2, TO1, and TO2, retinotopy could only be mapped with the blocked stimulus presentation. The gradual widening of spatial tuning and an increase in the responses to stimuli in the ipsilateral visual field along the hierarchy of visual areas likely reflected the increase in the average receptive field size. Finally, after registration to Freesurfer's surface-based atlas of the human cerebral cortex, we calculated the mean and variability of the visual area positions in the spherical surface-based coordinate system and generated probability maps of the visual areas on the average cortical surface. The inter-individual variability in the area locations decreased when the midpoints were calculated along the spherical cortical surface compared with volumetric coordinates. These results can facilitate both analysis of individual functional anatomy and comparisons of visual cortex topology across studies