Canje de deuda por alimentación: movilización de recursos para erradicar el hambre y la pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografí

The treatment of agriculture in regional trade agreements in the Americas

This IDB Working Paper is intended to provide an overview of how the agricultural sector is treated in regional trade agreements (RTAs) involving Latin American countries, whose exports tend to be more oriented towards agriculture. The paper compares the treatment of agriculture in RTAs between Latin American countries ("intra-Americas agreements"), as well as with Asian countries ("trans-Pacific agreements:), and Europe and the Middle East ("trans-Atlantic agreements"). The paper also offers case studies on the impact of the agreements on agricultural trade between the signatory parties and assesses opportunities for trade liberalization in the agricultural sector afforded by RTAs in comparison with multilateral trade agreements

Development ofpassive planar UHF RFID tags on metallic and non-metallic surfaces with a proposed figure of merit for evaluation

Etiquetas planares passivas de identificação por radiofrequência (Radio Frequency Identification – RFID) em ultra-alta frequência (Ultra High Frequency – UHF) têm sido amplamente estudadas para a utilização em superfícies metálicas e não metálicas, entre outros. Com o aumento de novas tendências relacionadas à Internet das Coisas (IOT), a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos modelos de etiquetas que atendam com eficiência aos diversos paradigmas torna-se oportuna. Essa eficiência depende da necessidade de cada aplicação. Uma variedade considerável de fatores influencia na indicação do desempenho dessas etiquetas. Na busca por uma ampla possibilidade de quantificação, este artigo apresenta uma solução para avaliação: a implementação de uma Figura de Mérito (Figure of Merit – FoM) que englobe as principais métricas dessas etiquetas (alcance de leitura, área, sensibilidade do circuito integrado, custo do substrato e custo do processo de fabricação). Duas novas etiquetas passivas UHF RFID de estruturas diferentes foram projetadas para serem utilizadas na avaliação da FoM juntamente com as etiquetas existentes na literatura. Os resultados das simulações eletromagnéticas das etiquetas foram verificados através de medidas experimentais em ambiente controlado. Finalmente, é feita a aplicação da FoM nas etiquetas desenvolvidas e existentes. A FoM proposta emprega métricas ainda não utilizadas e fornece a possibilidade de avaliação e quantificação de etiquetas, indicando que o valor derivado do mérito é particularmente útil não somente para comparação de etiquetas correlatas como para análise de decisões iniciais de projetos de etiquetas UHF RFID, tendo também potencial para aplicação em outros tipos de etiquetas.Passive planar radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in ultra-high frequency (UHF) have been widely studied for use on metallic and non-metallic surfaces, among others. With the increase of new trends related to the Internet of Things (IOT), the need to develop new tag models that efficiently meet the various paradigms becomes timely. This efficiency depends on the need of each application. A considerable variety of factors influence the performance of these tags. In the search for a broad quantification possibility, this paper presents a solution for evaluation: the implementation of a Figure of Merit (FoM) that encompasses the main metrics of these tags (read range, area, IC sensitivity, substrate cost, and manufacturing process cost). Two new passive UHF RFID tags of different structures were designed to be used for FoM evaluation along with existing tags in the literature. The results of the electromagnetic simulations of the tags were verified by experimental measurements in a controlled environment. Finally, the application of the FoM to the developed and existing labels is performed. The proposed FoM employs metrics not yet used and provides the possibility of label evaluation and quantification, indicating that the derived figure of merit is particularly useful not only for comparison of correlated labels but for analysis of initial design decisions for UHF RFID labels, and also has potential for application to other types of labels

Participatory Sensor Networks as Sensing Layers

International audienceParticipatory sensor networks (PSNs) regards smartphone users as consumers as well as active producers of data. A sensing layer represents a type of data, coming from a given source of data, such as web services, traditional wireless sensor networks, and PSNs. In this work, we show the usefulness and potential of having sensing layers in PSNs. We also show how we can formalize the concept of sensing layers in participatory sensor networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to derive and create new applications and services that are not promptly available from different sensing layers, opening up very interesting research opportunities

Traffic Condition Is More Than Colored Lines on a Map: Characterization of Waze Alerts

International audienceParticipatory sensor network (PSN) enables the understanding of city dynamics and the urban behavioral patterns of their inhabitants. In this work, we focus our analysis on a specific PSN, derived from Waze, for sensing traffic con-ditions. Our objective is to characterize the properties of this PSN, its broad and global spatial coverage as well as its limitations. We also bring discussions on dif-ferent opportunities for application design using this network. We claim that the PSN derived from Waze has the potential to help us in the better understanding of traffic problem reasons. Besides that, it could be useful for improving algorithms used in navigation services: (1) by exploiting the provided real-time traffic in-formation or (2) by helping in the identification of valuable pieces of information that are hard to detect with traditional sensors, such as car accidents and potholes

COMPLICAÇÕES DE DEISCÊNCIA DOS TECIDOS MOLES PERI-IMPLANTARES: UMA REVISÃO DOS FATORES ASSOCIADOS E FREQUÊNCIA DE OCORRÊNCIA.

  Given the importance of associated factors and the need for appropriate preventive strategies, this study aims to review the existing literature on complications of peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence, analyzing the associated factors and frequency of occurrence. From this review, we intend to provide a solid scientific basis for the implementation of clinical practices that minimize the incidence of this complication and improve the results of treatments with dental implants. The results of this review emphasize the importance of a multifaceted approach to preventing and managing peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence. The quality of the gingival tissues, the surgical technique, the type and positioning of the implant, the patient's oral hygiene, and rigorous post-operative care are crucial determinants. Furthermore, systemic and environmental factors, the biocompatibility of implant materials, and the surgeon's experience play significant roles. Multidisciplinary collaboration and technological advances emerge as important allies to improve clinical results. Therefore, careful assessment and detailed planning are essential to reduce complications and ensure the long-term success of dental implants, promoting a better quality of life for patients.Diante da importância dos fatores associados e da necessidade de estratégias preventivas adequadas, este estudo tem como objetivo revisar a literatura existente sobre as complicações de deiscência dos tecidos moles peri-implantares, analisando os fatores associados e a frequência de ocorrência. A partir dessa revisão, pretende-se fornecer uma base científica sólida para a implementação de práticas clínicas que minimizem a incidência dessa complicação e melhorem os resultados dos tratamentos com implantes dentários. Os resultados desta revisão enfatizam a importância de uma abordagem multifacetada para prevenir e gerenciar a deiscência dos tecidos moles peri-implantares. A qualidade dos tecidos gengivais, a técnica cirúrgica, o tipo e o posicionamento do implante, a higiene bucal do paciente, e os cuidados pós-operatórios rigorosos são determinantes cruciais. Além disso, fatores sistêmicos e ambientais, a biocompatibilidade dos materiais dos implantes, e a experiência do cirurgião desempenham papéis significativos. A colaboração multidisciplinar e os avanços tecnológicos emergem como aliados importantes para melhorar os resultados clínicos. Portanto, uma avaliação cuidadosa e um planejamento detalhado são essenciais para reduzir as complicações e garantir o sucesso a longo prazo dos implantes dentários, promovendo uma melhor qualidade de vida para os pacientes

International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database - the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi

Human and animal fungal pathogens are a growing threat worldwide leading to emerging infections and creating new risks for established ones. There is a growing need for a rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to enable early diagnosis and targeted antifungal therapy. Morphological and biochemical identification methods are time-consuming and require trained experts. Alternatively, molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding, a powerful and easy tool for rapid monophasic identification, offer a practical approach for species identification and less demanding in terms of taxonomical expertise. However, its wide-spread use is still limited by a lack of quality-controlled reference databases and the evolving recognition and definition of new fungal species/complexes. An international consortium of medical mycology laboratories was formed aiming to establish a quality controlled ITS database under the umbrella of the ISHAM working group on "DNA barcoding of human and animal pathogenic fungi." A new database, containing 2800 ITS sequences representing 421 fungal species, providing the medical community with a freely accessible tool at http://www.isham.org and http://its.mycologylab.org/ to rapidly and reliably identify most agents of mycoses, was established. The generated sequences included in the new database were used to evaluate the variation and overall utility of the ITS region for the identification of pathogenic fungi at intra-and interspecies level. The average intraspecies variation ranged from 0 to 2.25%. This highlighted selected pathogenic fungal species, such as the dermatophytes and emerging yeast, for which additional molecular methods/genetic markers are required for their reliable identification from clinical and veterinary specimens.This study was supported by an National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NH&MRC) grant [#APP1031952] to W Meyer, S Chen, V Robert, and D Ellis; CNPq [350338/2000-0] and FAPERJ [E-26/103.157/2011] grants to RM Zancope-Oliveira; CNPq [308011/2010-4] and FAPESP [2007/08575-1] Fundacao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP) grants to AL Colombo; PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014 from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) to C Pais; the Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo) to BCCM/IHEM; the MEXBOL program of CONACyT-Mexico, [ref. number: 1228961 to ML Taylor and [122481] to C Toriello; the Institut Pasteur and Institut de Veil le Sanitaire to F Dromer and D Garcia-Hermoso; and the grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and the Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG) to CM de Almeida Soares and JA Parente Rocha. I Arthur would like to thank G Cherian, A Higgins and the staff of the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Path West, QEII Medial Centre. Dromer would like to thank for the technical help of the sequencing facility and specifically that of I, Diancourt, A-S Delannoy-Vieillard, J-M Thiberge (Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health, Institut Pasteur). RM Zancope-Oliveira would like to thank the Genomic/DNA Sequencing Platform at Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz-PDTIS/FIOCRUZ [RPT01A], Brazil for the sequencing. B Robbertse and CL Schoch acknowledge support from the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. T Sorrell's work is funded by the NH&MRC of Australia; she is a Sydney Medical School Foundation Fellow.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio