Waste Management Behaviour of Households: A Case Study of a Strike in Saskatchewan

Environmental Economics and Policy,

Legal phraseology in contrast: the fact that and its German counterparts

Expressions with the fact that are common in spoken and written English, with nearly 13,000 occurrences in the British National Corpus. This chapter analyses such expressions when they are used in legal language, with the help of their translation equivalents in German. Here is an example from the Acquis Communautaire archive: In setting the fines, the Commission also took into account the duration of theinfringement, the large size and overall resources of some of the undertakings andthe fact that some of the undertakings were addressees of previous Commission decisionsestablishing infringements of the same type. Despite the frequency of expressions with the fact that , they have hitherto been the subject of rather sparse and fragmentary research. Two recent studies discuss the use of constructions with the fact that in legal English and their counterparts in other languages, namely Goźdź- Roszkowski and Pontrandolfo (2014) for Italian, and Zeleňáková (2014) for French. This chapter is a modest attempt to build on the foundations laid by these two studies. We extend the data to legal German, and consider the implications of the corpus data for the analysis of expressions with the fact that , for English and German in contrast, for legal language and legal reasoning, for plain legal language, and for phraseology

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for serum total IgE in diverse study populations

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is both a marker and mediator of allergic inflammation. Despite reported differences in serum total IgE levels by race-ethnicity, African American and Latino individuals have not been well represented in genetic studies of total IgE. OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic predictors of serum total IgE levels. METHODS: We used genome wide association (GWA) data from 4,292 individuals (2,469 African Americans, 1,564 European Americans, and 259 Latinos) in the EVE Asthma Genetics Consortium. Tests for association were performed within each cohort by race-ethnic group (i.e., African American, Latino, and European American) and asthma status. The resulting p-values were meta-analyzed accounting for sample size and direction of effect. Top single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations from the meta-analysis were reassessed in six additional cohorts comprising 5,767 individuals. RESULTS: We identified 10 unique regions where the combined association statistic was associated with total serum IgE levels (P-value <5.0×10(−6)) and the minor allele frequency was ≥5% in two or more population groups. Variant rs9469220, corresponding to HLA-DQB1, was the most significantly associated SNP with serum total IgE levels when assessed in both the replication cohorts and the discovery and replication sets combined (P-value = 0.007 and 2.45×10(−7), respectively). In addition, findings from earlier GWA studies were also validated in the current meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis independently identified a variant near HLA-DQB1 as a predictor of total serum IgE in multiple race-ethnic groups. This study also extends and confirms the findings of earlier GWA analyses in African American and Latino individuals