20 research outputs found

    Population genomics of picophytoplankton unveils novel chromosome hypervariability

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    Tiny photosynthetic microorganisms that form the picoplankton (between 0.3 and 3 mm in diameter) are at the base of the food web in many marine ecosystems, and their adaptability to environmental change hinges on standing genetic variation. Although the genomic and phenotypic diversity of the bacterial component of the oceans has been intensively studied, little is known about the genomic and phenotypic diversity within each of the diverse eukaryotic species present. We report the level of genomic diversity in a natural population of Ostreococcus tauri (Chlorophyta, Mamiellophyceae), the smallest photosynthetic eukaryote. Contrary to the expec- tations of clonal evolution or cryptic species, the spectrum of genomic polymorphism observed suggests a large panmictic population (an effective population size of 1.2 × 107) with pervasive evidence of sexual reproduction. De novo assemblies of low-coverage chromosomes reveal two large candidate mating-type loci with suppressed recom- bination, whose origin may pre-date the speciation events in the class Mamiellophyceae. This high genetic diversity is associated with large phenotypic differences between strains. Strikingly, resistance of isolates to large double- stranded DNA viruses, which abound in their natural environment, is positively correlated with the size of a single hypervariable chromosome, which contains 44 to 156 kb of strain-specific sequences. Our findings highlight the role of viruses in shaping genome diversity in marine picoeukaryotes

    Analyse du méthylome chez l'embryon de poulet par séquençage haut-débit

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    Investigating the molecular causes of phenotypic variations observed in farmed species usually involves thestudy of the variability in the DNA sequence. Recently, many studies have described the important role of theenvironment in the regulation of gene expression, particularly through epigenetic mechanisms. In order tocharacterize one of these epigenetic marks in chicken, DNA methylation, we have used 8 embryos (4 males and4 females) from the reciprocal cross of two lines. We developed a bioinformatic analysis pipeline to analyzemethylation marks from high-throughput sequencing. We have observed a lower methylation rate in thepromoter regions than within the genes and intergenic regions. Thanks to the transcriptomic data also availableon these embryos, we have shown that the gene expression level was higher when the promoter regions werepoorly methylated, and vice versa. The possible interaction of the genetic background or sex with themethylation level and the link with expression level in these 8 embryos is being analyzed. These analyses will beextended as part of the ANR ChickStress project, which studies the methylome response to changes intemperature and the use of a low-energy diet in chicken.L'Ă©tude des causes molĂ©culaires des variations phĂ©notypiques observĂ©es chez les espĂšces d’élevage passegĂ©nĂ©ralement par l'analyse de la variabilitĂ© de la sĂ©quence d’ADN. RĂ©cemment, de nombreuses Ă©tudes dĂ©criventle rĂŽle important de l’environnement dans la rĂ©gulation de l’expression des gĂšnes, notamment via desphĂ©nomĂšnes Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques. Afin de caractĂ©riser une des marques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques chez le poulet, la mĂ©thylation del'ADN, un dispositif de 8 embryons (4 mĂąles et 4 femelles) issus du croisement rĂ©ciproque de deux lignĂ©es a Ă©tĂ©utilisĂ©. À partir d'une technique d'analyse par sĂ©quençage Ă  haut-dĂ©bit des marques de mĂ©thylation, un pipelined’analyse bioinformatique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Un taux de mĂ©thylation plus faible dans les rĂ©gions promotrices quedans les rĂ©gions gĂ©niques et intergĂ©niques a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©. GrĂące aux donnĂ©es transcriptomiques Ă©galementdisponibles sur ces embryons, nous avons confirmĂ© que le niveau d’expression des gĂšnes est plus fort quand lesrĂ©gions promotrices sont peu mĂ©thylĂ©es, et inversement. La possible interaction du fond gĂ©nĂ©tique ou du sexeavec le niveau de mĂ©thylation, et son lien avec les niveaux d’expression chez les 8 embryons est en coursd’analyse. Ces analyses vont ĂȘtre Ă©tendues dans le cadre du projet ANR ChickStress qui Ă©tudie la rĂ©ponse dumĂ©thylome Ă  des variations de tempĂ©rature et Ă  l’utilisation d’un aliment de faible valeur Ă©nergĂ©tique chez lapoule

    Les systùmes d’informations transversaux multi‑espùces

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    National audienceLe Cati Sicpa (systĂšmes d’informations et calcul pour le phĂ©notypage animal) met en place des outils informatiques multi‑espĂšces. Ainsi, pour rĂ©pondre Ă  la rĂ©glementation et aux engagements de la charte sanitaire de l’Inra, le systĂšme d’informations sanitaire est dĂ©ployĂ© dans les UnitĂ©s ExpĂ©rimentales ; la description et l’utilisation des aliments par les animaux peuvent s’enregistrer dans le systĂšme d’informations alimentation ; les nombreuses donnĂ©es collectĂ©es sur les parcelles sont centralisĂ©es dans le systĂšme d’informations parcelle. De plus, les systĂšmes d’informations espĂšces dĂ©veloppĂ©s par le Cati sont en lien avec l’outil eSIToul Barcode pour une gestion homogĂšne des Ă©chantillons biologiques. Quelle que soit l’espĂšce, les agents des UnitĂ©s ExpĂ©rimentales disposent donc d’outils cohĂ©rents permettant une gestion centralisĂ©e et sĂ©curisĂ©e de leurs donnĂ©es

    Genome-wide study of structural variants in bovine Holstein, Montbéliarde and Normande dairy breeds

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    High-throughput sequencing technologies have offered in recent years new opportunities to study genome variations. These studies have mostly focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms, small insertions or deletions and on copy number variants. Other structural variants, such as large insertions or deletions, tandem duplications, translocations, and inversions are less well-studied, despite that some have an important impact on phenotypes. In the present study, we performed a large-scale survey of structural variants in cattle. We report the identification of 6,426 putative structural variants in cattle extracted from whole-genome sequence data of 62 bulls representing the three major French dairy breeds. These genomic variants affect DNA segments greater than 50 base pairs and correspond to deletions, inversions and tandem duplications. Out of these, we identified a total of 547 deletions and 410 tandem duplications which could potentially code for CNVs. Experimental validation was carried out on 331 structural variants using a novel high-throughput genotyping method. Out of these, 255 structural variants (77%) generated good quality genotypes and 191 (75%) of them were validated. Gene content analyses in structural variant regions revealed 941 large deletions removing completely one or several genes, including 10 single-copy genes. In addition, some of the structural variants are located within quantitative trait loci for dairy traits. This study is a pan-genome assessment of genomic variations in cattle and may provide a new glimpse into the bovine genome architecture. Our results may also help to study the effects of structural variants on gene expression and consequently their effect on certain phenotypes of interest

    Accounting for Linkage Disequilibrium in genome scans for selection without individual genotypes: the local score approach

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    Detecting genomic footprints of selection is an important step in the understanding of evolution. Accounting for linkage disequilibrium in genome scans increases detection power, but haplotype-based methods require individual genotypes and are not applicable on pool-sequenced samples. We propose to take advantage of the local score approach to account for linkage disequilibrium in genome scans for selection, cumulating (possibly small) signals from single markers over a genomic segment, to clearly pinpoint a selection signal. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that this approach detects selection with higher power than several state-of-the-art single marker, windowing or haplotype-based approaches. We illustrate this on two benchmark data sets including individual genotypes, for which we obtain similar results with the local score and one haplotype-based approach. Finally, we apply the local score approach to Pool-Seq data obtained from a divergent selection experiment on behavior in quail, and obtain precise and biologically coherent selection signals: while competing methods fail to highlight any clear selection signature, our method detects several regions involving genes known to act on social responsiveness or autistic traits. Although we focus here on the detection of positive selection from multiple population data, the local score approach is general and can be applied to other genome scans for selection or other genome-wide analyses such as GWAS

    AgroDataRing: Une infrastructure partagée et mutualisée pour le stockage longue durée

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    National audienceLes communautĂ©s scientifiques se trouvent aujourd’hui confrontĂ©es Ă  un changement de paradigme autour de la gestion des donnĂ©es, nĂ©cessitant une meilleure gestion du cycle de vie des donnĂ©es avec notamment leur traitement et intĂ©gration, et leur partage. À la suite du chantier « Data Partage » lancĂ© dĂšs 2012 Ă  l’Inra, le groupe de travail « e-infra Storage » a initiĂ© en 2016 une rĂ©flexion collective autour des besoins de l’Institut en matiĂšre de dispositif de stockage des donnĂ©es patrimoniales scientifiques qui a abouti Ă  la co-construction d’une infrastructure partagĂ©e et mutualisĂ©e : AgroDataRing

    AgroDataRing: Une infrastructure partagée et mutualisée pour le stockage longue durée

    No full text
    Les communautĂ©s scientifiques se trouvent aujourd’hui confrontĂ©es Ă  un changement de paradigme autour de la gestion des donnĂ©es, nĂ©cessitant une meilleure gestion du cycle de vie des donnĂ©es avec notamment leur traitement et intĂ©gration, et leur partage. À la suite du chantier « Data Partage » lancĂ© dĂšs 2012 Ă  l’Inra, le groupe de travail « e-infra Storage » a initiĂ© en 2016 une rĂ©flexion collective autour des besoins de l’Institut en matiĂšre de dispositif de stockage des donnĂ©es patrimoniales scientifiques qui a abouti Ă  la co-construction d’une infrastructure partagĂ©e et mutualisĂ©e : AgroDataRing
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