Fuzzy decision making in Business intelligence in the context of Gilgit-Baltistan

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate and implement fuzzy decision based on unequal objectives and minimization of regret for the decision making in the business intelligence and to compare the weight of products while the minimization of regret that uses regression of products in Gilgit-Baltistan. Here we will convert the verbal expressions in to linguistic variables and use in fuzzy decision making model, which influences the main two factors, one is effect of the influence on the product and second its payoff for the most effectiveness on the products

Hazards identification and risk analysis in surface mines of Pakistan using fault tree analysis technique

Purpose. Technology has advanced significantly but still mining industry faces a higher number of accidents. The purpose of the research is to identify the common hazards and associated risk which are the root causes of accidents in surface mines of Pakistan and to suggest the preventive measures to enhance safety at workplace. Methods. Integrated approach used in this research work involves: collection of mine accidents data from related Government departments; occupational safety data collection from mine sites with questionnaire; fault tree analysis method applied based on three groups of factors/causes obtained from 3E’s Model i.e. Engineering, Education and Enforcement that causes accidents in mine; risk assessment and suggestion of preventive measures. Findings. In this study forty three root causes of accidents in surface mines are identified and presented as basic events and undeveloped events in the Fault Trees. A compressed picture of the root causes is revealed leading to accidents in mine. The main causes identified are human errors, unsafe operating procedure, lack of machinery, lack of personal protective equipment, environmental and haulage related hazards and violation of law. Originality. The root causes of accidents in surface mines have been identified. For the first time, the visual paths to accidents causation in surface mines of Pakistan are outlined through fault tree analysis technique. Practical implications. The identified causes of accidents along with the suggested preventive measures can be used to avoid/curtail the number and severity of accidents in surface mines and can save lives of workers and economy.Мета. Визначення загального збитку й пов’язаних з ним ризиків, які є першопричинами аварій на кар’єрах Пакистану на основі застосування методу аналізу дерева відмов і розробка способів запобігання аварійним ситуаціям, а також підвищення виробничої безпеки у гірничодобувній промисловості. Методика. Використано комплексний метод дослідження, який включає збір даних про аварії на кар’єрах з відповідних офіційних джерел, збір даних щодо безпеки праці шляхом опитування працівників кар’єрів, метод аналізу дерева відмов на основі трьох груп факторів/причин, пов’язаних з аваріями в кар’єрах – інжиніринг, освіта та виробнича дисципліна – отриманих за допомогою 3E моделі, а також методи оцінки ризиків і розробка заходів із запобігання аваріям. Результати. В даному дослідженні ідентифіковані 43 основні причини аварій на кар’єрах, які представлені як основні події та нерозвинені події у деревах відмов. Розкривається стисла картина першопричин аварій на кар’єрі. Основними виявленими причинами є людські помилки, небезпечні робочі процедури, відсутність обладнання, відсутність засобів індивідуального захисту, небезпеки, пов’язані з навколишнім середовищем і транспортуванням, а також порушення закону. Виявлені другорядні причини, пов’язані з падінням і обваленням порід, а також транспортуванням вибухових речовин. Рекомендовано кожному кар’єру впровадити ефективну систему оцінки ризиків для своєчасного виявлення небезпеки для безпечних практик та безпечного навколишнього середовища. Наукова новизна. Вперше виявлені та побудовані візуальні взаємозв’язки причин аварій у відкритих рудниках Пакистану у вигляді схем за допомогою методу аналізу дерева відмов. Практична значимість. Ідентифіковані причини аварій та запропоновані заходи їх запобігання можуть бути використані для того, щоб ліквідувати або звести до мінімуму кількість і серйозність аварій у відкритих рудниках, що допоможе врятувати життя гірничих робітників і зміцнити економіку.Цель. Определение общего ущерба и связанного с ним рисков, которые являются первопричинами аварий на карьерах Пакистана на основе применения метода анализа дерева отказов и разработка способов предотвращения аварийных ситуаций, а также повышение производственной безопасности в горнодобывающей промышленности. Методика. Использован комплексный метод исследования, который включает сбор данных об авариях на карьерах из соответствующих официальных источников, сбор данных относительно безопасности труда путем опроса работников карьеров, метод анализа дерева отказов на основе трех групп факторов/причин, связанных с авариями в карьерах – инжиниринг, образование и производственная дисциплина – полученных при помощи 3E модели, а также методы оценки рисков и разработка мер по предотвращению аварий. Результаты. В данном исследовании идентифицированы 43 основные причины аварий на карьерах, которые представлены как основные события и неразвитые события в деревьях отказов. Раскрывается сжатая картина первопричин аварий на карьере. Основными выявленными причинами являются человеческие ошибки, небезопасные рабочие процедуры, отсутствие оборудования, отсутствие средств индивидуальной защиты, опасности, связанные с окружающей средой и транспортировкой, а также нарушение закона. Выявлены второстепенные причины, связанные с падением и обрушением пород, а также транспортировкой взрывчатых веществ. Рекомендовано каждому карьере внедрить эффективную систему оценки рисков для своевременного выявления опасности для безопасных практик и безопасной окружающей среды. Научная новизна. Впервые выявлены и построены визуальные взаимосвязи причин аварий в открытых рудниках Пакистана в виде схем при помощи метода анализа дерева отказов. Практическая значимость. Идентифицированные причины аварий и предложенные меры их предотвращения могут быть использованы для того, чтобы ликвидировать или свести к минимуму количество и серьезность аварий в открытых рудниках, что поможет спасти жизни горнорабочих и укрепить экономику.The authors gratefully acknowledge the time and relevant information provided by the Inspectorate Departments of Pakistan and the supervisors and workers at the mine sites during data collection

Field Application of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) for the Management of Sugarcane Borers

Abstract.-These studies were conducted at farmer's fields in Mardan district during the cropping season [2008][2009] to investigate the efficacy and potentiality of inundative and inoculative release methods of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) for the management of sugarcane borers. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design. There were three treatments and four replications in each treatment. The data revealed that both inundative and inoculative release methods of T. chilonis were more effective as compared with the control throughout the entire growing season. Inundative release method of T. chilonis was found the most effective technique against Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen) infestation in both sugarcane plant and ratoon crops with minimum mean percent infestation of 3.50 and 6.50 respectively. This was followed by Inoculative release method, where 6.75 and 10.00 mean percent infestation was recorded in sugarcane plant and ratoon crops respectively. Maximum infestation was recorded in control plots with mean percent infestation of 7.87 and 12.75 in sugarcane plant and ratoon crops respectively. The data further revealed that inundative release method of T. chilonis in both sugarcane plant and ratoon crops also effectively controlled Acigona steniellus (Hamp) with minimum borer's infestation by recording 3.25 and 3.37 mean percent infestations in both sugarcane plant and ratoon crops respectively. It was followed by the plots where T. chilonis were released as inoculative release method, where 4.87 and 6.25 mean percent infestation was recorded in sugarcane plant and ratoon crop respectively. Control plots showed maximum A. steniellus infestation in plant crop (7.27%) and ratoon crop (7.65%). The data further showed that no Scirpophaga nivella Fabric infestation was recorded in both sugarcane plant and ratoon crops. Maximum yield of sugarcane was recorded in both plant and ratoon crops of sugarcane in plots treated with inundative release method (101.5t/ha in plant crop and 69.25 t/ha in ratoon crop) followed by inoculative release method (95.84t/ha in plant crop and 63.14t/ha in ratoon crop). The lowest yield of sugarcane was recorded in control (91.14 t/ha and 58.33 t/ha)

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: Multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P \u3c 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (β coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

A genome-wide association study in Europeans and South Asians identifies five new loci for coronary artery disease

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Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Factors influencing quality and nutritional value in chapaties

Chapati, an unleavened flat bread, is a staple in the diet in Pakistan. Wheat in the form of chapati can contribute as much as 90 % of the total dietary energy intake to the rural population and generally provides more than half dietary energy and protein. Such a heavy dependence on this cereal food has led to protein malnutrition due to wheat proteins being deficient in lysine, an essential amino acid. The aim of this study was to produce savoury chapati with enhanced nutritional value. Attitudes to a variety of savoury flavours were determined in consumers of Pakistan and in immigrants to Glasgow. Chicken and meaty were most and cheesy least preferred. Amongst chapati quality characters, nutritional value was rated highest followed by flavour. These studies suggested that consumers favoured a product with appropriate flavour, a soft texture and of high nutritional value. Typically chapaties are prepared with wholemeal flours with medium rheological optima. Doughs of British wheat varieties Fresco and Galahad (33+67) and Mercia and Galahad (50+50) had moderate stickiness, high sheeting ability, and were low in shrinkage after sheeting. Such suitable mixtures yielded flours suitable for chapati production. Wheat protein profiles were determined by 50S-PAGE electrophoresis and relationships between proteins and rheological properties determined with partial least squares regression (PLS2). Dough development time was positively correlated with aggregated values of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins, ratio of polymeric to monomeric and LMW glutenins, and negatively correlated with the total of gliadin, globulin and albumin fractions. Dough stability showed negative and tolerance index positive correlations with gliadin. Resistance to extension was associated with dough stability and inversely with gliadin content. Such studies reveal that glutenin contributes strength and gliadin imparts weakness to flour. Response surface methodology, used to optimise chapaties, revealed that a successful savoury product could be produced by incorporating 1.5 to 2.0 % yeast extract without any deleterious effect on dough physical characteristics. Yeast extract enhanced the concentrations of protein from 13.1 % to 14.4 % in chapati. In addition to enhanced nutritional value, yeast extract imparted a desirable savoury flavour to chapati.Chapati, an unleavened flat bread, is a staple in the diet in Pakistan. Wheat in the form of chapati can contribute as much as 90 % of the total dietary energy intake to the rural population and generally provides more than half dietary energy and protein. Such a heavy dependence on this cereal food has led to protein malnutrition due to wheat proteins being deficient in lysine, an essential amino acid. The aim of this study was to produce savoury chapati with enhanced nutritional value. Attitudes to a variety of savoury flavours were determined in consumers of Pakistan and in immigrants to Glasgow. Chicken and meaty were most and cheesy least preferred. Amongst chapati quality characters, nutritional value was rated highest followed by flavour. These studies suggested that consumers favoured a product with appropriate flavour, a soft texture and of high nutritional value. Typically chapaties are prepared with wholemeal flours with medium rheological optima. Doughs of British wheat varieties Fresco and Galahad (33+67) and Mercia and Galahad (50+50) had moderate stickiness, high sheeting ability, and were low in shrinkage after sheeting. Such suitable mixtures yielded flours suitable for chapati production. Wheat protein profiles were determined by 50S-PAGE electrophoresis and relationships between proteins and rheological properties determined with partial least squares regression (PLS2). Dough development time was positively correlated with aggregated values of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins, ratio of polymeric to monomeric and LMW glutenins, and negatively correlated with the total of gliadin, globulin and albumin fractions. Dough stability showed negative and tolerance index positive correlations with gliadin. Resistance to extension was associated with dough stability and inversely with gliadin content. Such studies reveal that glutenin contributes strength and gliadin imparts weakness to flour. Response surface methodology, used to optimise chapaties, revealed that a successful savoury product could be produced by incorporating 1.5 to 2.0 % yeast extract without any deleterious effect on dough physical characteristics. Yeast extract enhanced the concentrations of protein from 13.1 % to 14.4 % in chapati. In addition to enhanced nutritional value, yeast extract imparted a desirable savoury flavour to chapati

Semiparametric modeling of cross-semivariograms

Ph.D.Alexander Shapir