طب پیشگیری از دیدگاه حکیم جرجانی

Preventive medicine is a science which tries to maintain and increase the health in a   population. Ancient Iranian scientists have played an important role in developing medical sciences, especially during middle ages. Jorjani was one of the greatest scientists which are known as the reviver of medical sciences. Treasure of Kharazmshah, the most popular book of Jorjani, is written in Persian. It is believed that there is no medical comprehensive book such as treasure in any country. A part of this book is devoted for preventive medicine. In traditional Persian medicine prevention is prior to treatment and there six principle necessities for preventing diseases named " Sette-ye-zarurieh " which consists of Air, Food and Water, Sleep and Wake, Movement and Stillness, Emotional states (Aaraz-e-nafsani), and Depletion and Retention (Estefragh and Ehteghan). Jorjani believed that prevention is easier and simpler that treatment.بهداشت عمومی یا پزشکی پیشگیری، شاخه‌ای از علم پزشکی است که هدف آن حفظ و افزایش سطح سلامت افراد جامعه به صورت کلی است. دانشمندان ایرانی به ویژه در طی قرون وسطی که بر محافل علمی جهان، سیطره داشتند، نقش مهمی در پیشبرد دانش پزشکی ایفا کرده‌اند. جرجانی را یکی از دانشمندان بزرگ ایران و جهان در سده‌های پنجم و ششم هجری و احیاکننده علم پزشکی می‌دانند. ذخیره خوارزمشاهی، معروف‌ترین اثر جرجانی، به فارسی نوشته شده است. پیش از جرجانی، حتی بعد از او هم کتاب جامعی از این دست در هیچ کشوری نوشته نشده است. یکی از موضوعاتی که در طب سنتی ایران به آن پرداخته شده است، طب پیشگیری است. در طب سنتی ایران، پیشگیری از ابتلا به بیماری و حفظ سلامت افراد بر درمان تقدم دارد و بدین سبب اهمیت بسیاری دارد. مبحث سته ضروریه یا اصول شش‌گانه پیشگیری که در کتب حکمای طب سنتی ایران و از جمله در تألیفات جرجانی است، عبارتند از: هوا، حرکت و سکون، خواب و بیداری، خوردنی و آشامیدنی، استفراغ و احتقان و اعراض نفسانی. از دیدگاه جرجانی پیشگیری مقدم بر درمان بوده و ساده‌تر و کم هزینه‌تر است

Frequency of Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Clinical Samples and the Evaluation of the Role of Efflux Pump in Determining Antibiotic Resistance

In this study 193 Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from urinary tract infections, ulcers, sputum and blood. Initially, Mac agar medium was used to isolate the bacterium, and for each suspected isolate, pink and aqueous colonies were stained and biochemical tests of catalase, oxidase, TSI, IMVIC Test and urase were performed. Confirmation of the isolates using 16SrRNA sequencing Some isolates are evaluated. Then all isolates evaluated for sensitivity to antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Amoxicillin clavulanate, Piperacillin, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime Imipenem, Tetracyclines, Nitrofurantoin, Polymyxin B Colistin, they use disk diffusion test. In the process, the presence of the acr efflux pump gene is confirmed by using an specific primer namely Acr primer, and finally, using phenylalaninearginine- beta naphthylamide inhibitor, the relationship between antibiotic resistance and efflux pump function is evaluated. Overall, 50.2% of the collected samples contained Klebsiella. Thus, 193 of 384 clinical specimens contained Klebsiella. Of the 193 positive samples, the groin lesions had the highest percentage and the abscess had lowest percentage of Klebsiella infection, although Klebsiella was significantly separated from the throat, sputum, catheter and foley. Antibiotics, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, tetracycline had higher antibacterial activity. Results were analyzed by Whonet 5 and SPSS software

AVICENINA MEDICINSKA DIDAKTIČKA PJESMA: URJUZEHTEBBI

Historical research shows that many physicians experienced in medical sciences are also talented in art, literature and poetry. Avicenna was a sage who was skilled in poetry in addition to philosophy and medicine. He wrote two different types of poetry: those meant to be enjoyed for their literary qualities of novelty and imagination, and his didactic Urjuzeh. Didactic poems are different from poetry evoked by imagination and feeling. In didactic poetry, the poets want to learn science and philosophy, whether spiritual, ethical or practical to the readers. Rhyme and poetry were often used for scientific writing in Avicenna’s era, and were considered a method for memorizing scientific information and raising students’ interest in difficult scientific concepts. Verse was used to simplify the didactic content, ease memorization and make difficult scientific issues more attractive. In medieval Persia, students of medicine had learned the basics of philosophy before starting medical courses. Poetry could help the students memorize the poem itself in combination with its meaning, in a way that was better and easier than prose. Avicenna’s masterpiece, UrjuzehTebbi, comprises a perfect course in traditional Persian medicine in rhyming text written in Arabic. This great work was translated into Persian at the research centre for traditional medicine and history of medicine. We hope that the Persian translation of Urjuzeh Tebbi will allow students and experts to better appreciate the role of didactic poems in compiling and transmitting the concepts of Iranian medicine.Povijesna istraživanja ukazuju da su mnogi liječnici, iskusni u medicinskim znanostima, također talentirani za umjetnost, književnost i pjesništvo. Avicena je bio mudrac koji je bio vješt u pjesništvu nastavno na filozofiju i medicinu. Pisao je dvije vrste pjesama: one koje su bile namijenjene uživanju u književnoj kvaliteti originalnosti i imaginacije te njegova didaktička poema Urjuzeh. Didaktičke poeme razlikuju se od pjesništva evociranog imaginacijom i osjećajem. U didaktičkom pjesništvu pjesnici žele podučiti čitatelje znanosti i filozofiji, bilo spiritualno, etički ili praktički. U Avicenino vrijeme srok i pjesništvo često su korišteni za znanstveno pisanje i smatrani su metodom zapamćivanja znanstvenih informacija i podizanja studentova interesa za teške znanstvene pojmove. Stih je korišten za pojednostavnjenje didaktičkog sadržaja, olakšanje zapamćivanja i činjenja teških znanstvenih pitanja pristupačnijima. U srednjovjekovnoj Perziji student je medicine morao naučiti osnove filozofije prije negoli je započeo medicinsku poduku. Pjesništvo je moglo pomoći studentu upamtiti samu pjesmu u kombinaciji s njenim značenjem, na način koji je bio bolji i lakši negoli je to kod proze. Avicenino remek-djelo UrjuzehTebbi uključuje savršenu poduku u tradicionalnoj perzijskoj medicini u rimovanu tekstu pisanu na arapskom. Ovo veliko djelo bilo je prevedeno na perzijski pri centru za istraživanje tradicionalne medicine i povijesti medicine. Nadamo se da će perzijski prijevod Urjuzeh Tebbi omogućiti studentima i stručnjacima bolje uvažavanje uloge didaktičkih poema u sabiranju i prenošenju pojmova iranske medicine

Formulation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablet of Rizatriptan using natural superdisintegrant

Introduction: Rizatriptan benzoate is a potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist and is effective for the treatment of acute migraine. Difficulty in swallowing is common among all age groups, especially elderly and pediatrics. Orally disintegrating tablets may constitute an innovative dosage form that overcome the problem of swallowing and provides a quick onset of action. This study was aimed to formulate and evaluate an Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) containing Rizatriptan while using semi-synthetic and natural superdisintegrants. Methods: Orodispersible tablets were prepared by direct compression using natural superdisntegrant (Plantago ovata mucilage) and semi-synthetic superdisntegrant (crospovidone). The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, drug content uniformity, water absorption and wetting time. A 32 factorial design was used to investigate the effect of independent variables (amount of crospovidone and Plantago ovata mucilage) on dependent variables disintegration time, wetting time and Q5 (cumulative amount of drug release after 5 minutes). A counter plot was also presented to graphically represent the effect of independent variable on the disintegration time, wetting time and Q5. The check point batch was also prepared to prove the validity of the evolved mathematical model. The systematic formulation approach helped in understanding the effect of formulation processing variable. Results: According to the results of optimized batches, the best concentration of superdisintegrant were as follows: 9.4 mg Psyllium mucilage and 8.32 mg crospovidone gave rapid disintegration in 35sec and showed 99% drug release within 5 minutes. Conclusion: Plantago ovata mucilage, a natural superdisintegrant, gives a rapid disintegration and high release when used with synthetic superdisntegrant in formulation of orally disintegrating tablet of Rizatriptan.</p

Characterization of Wet-electrospun Poly (ε-caprolactone)/Poly (L-lactic) Acid with Calcium Phosphates Coated with Chitosan for Bone Engineering

Introduction: Remarkable advances have been made in the development of scaffolds with favorable characteristics for bone tissue engineering using different techniques. Recently, electrospinning process for fabrication of fibrous matrices have gained popularity, mainly because of structural similarity to the extracellular matrix. In this study, the influence of in situ formation of calcium phosphates (CP) stabled with chitosan (CT) layer on the physicochemical properties of the wet-electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly (L-lactic) acid (PCL/PLLA) scaffolds was evaluated. Materials and Methods: To prepare three-dimensional (3D) fibrous scaffold, PCL/PLLA 10% (w/v) blend was fabricated via wet-electrospinning technique. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized regarding morphology, porosity, hydrophilicity and mechanical strength using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), liquid displacement technique, contact angle measurement and mechanical tests, respectively. Moreover, cell adhesion and viability of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) seeded on the scaffolds were investigated using SEM, MTT assay and DAPI staining. Results: Wet-electrospun fibers displayed random, dispersive and non-woven morphology. Porosity of the fabricated scaffolds was 80% and CT coating improved the water contact angle value. In vitro seeding of ADSCs on PCL/PLLA/CP+CT demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation and attachment compared to the PCL/PLLA blend. Porosity, wettability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the PCL/PLLA scaffolds have significantly influenced by both in situ formation of CP and CT coating. Conclusion: The results indicated that the PCL/PLLA scaffold spun into water/ethanol modified with NaOH (pH~10) coagulation bath with in situ surface formation of CP and CT coating can be a candidate scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Design and Optimization of Heat Integrated Distillation

Process integration is currently considered as the main trend to improve process performance, and is one of the major approaches to reduce the annual operating and capital costs in the plant. For distillation systems, heat integration technique provides such an approach to improve the traditional simple column sequences. This work presents the optimization of distillation column sequences based on creation of maximum possible heat integration and minimizing the total annual cost of process. All the optimum simple sequences and possible heat integrated sequences are designed and considered to find the best heat integrated sequence with the minimum total annual cost. Sequences are simulated and the objective function is modeled. Basic operation parameters of sequences are changed according to the process constraints to find all the possible heat integration and minimize the objective function. The best structures with the minimum total annual cost are designed and compared for the considered industrial case study. Results show the height percent of optimization of process costs by the internal heat recovery of integration.Key words: Distillation; Sequence; Modeling; Integration; Optimizatio

The sagittal otolith morphology of four selected mugilid species from Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf (Teleostei: Mugilidae)

The members of mugilid species are usually difficult to recognize because of the well-known similarity observed in their external morphology. Nevertheless, their identification is very important for local fisheries management and conservation action. Therefore, in the present study we applied otolith morphology to evaluate its significance in identification of four selected mugilid species; Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836), Liza klunzingeri (Day, 1888), Ellochelon vaigiensis (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1825) and Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 occurring in the Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf in southern Iran. The results indicated several otolith features to be important for identification of the selected mugilid species as follow; the position and sulcus centrality, the curvature of the cauda, and the type of anterior and posterior regions. Based on the total approach evidences, we conclude that otolith morphology in mugilid fishes can be evidently used for the species identification and probably estimation of their phylogeny. The findings are in agreement with the previous studies which documented taxonomic importance of otolith morphology

Physiologic Effects of Intra-nasal Sedation with Midazolam and Ketamine in 3-6 Years old Uncooperative Children

Objective: Several medications have been used for sedation in children in dentistry and intra-nasal route has been reported to be an efficient way regarding patient cooperation. The aim of the present study was to compare the changes in physiologic parameters following intra-nasal midazolam and ketamine administration.Methods: In this randomized cross-over double-blind trial, 17 uncooperative 3-6 years old children requiring at least two dental treatments were selected randomly and received intra-nasal ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) prior to the treatment using the other drug in the next visit. Physiologic parameters including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and O2 saturation were measured and compared during the different time intervals using two way repeated measure ANOVA.Results: The patients showed higher blood pressure and heart rate following ketamine administration compared to midazolam (p&lt;0.001). No significant difference was found between the drugs at different time intervals regarding respiratory rate and O2 saturation. (p&gt;0.05)Conclusion: In spite of significant differences between midazolam and ketamine regarding heart rateand blood pressure, both drugs can b e used as effective sedative medications without treatment interruption in children

Wet-electrospun PCL/PLLA Blend Scaffolds: Effects of Versatile Coagulation Baths on Physicochemical and Biological Properties of the Scaffolds

Introduction: High surface/volume ratio and 3-dimensionality of nanofibers increases cell-scaffold interactions and promote migration and proliferation of cells. Wet electrospinning is a variant of electrospinning technology that is utilized to produce nanofibrous scaffolds. Altering the parameters governing the wet electrospinning process such as applied voltage, polymer concentration, composition and depth of the coagulation bath, and tip to bath distance can affect the morphology of the produced scaffolds. In this study, the influence of various coagulation baths on the physicochemical properties of the wet-electrospun nanofibers was investigated. Materials and Methods: Poly (ε-caprolactone)/Poly (L-lactic) acid 15% (w/v) blends under an applied voltage of 15 kV, and a tip-to-bath distance of 10 cm. were used to prepare fibrous scaffolds via wet-electrospinning technique into aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (pH~13), distilled water, ethanol, water/ethanol (3:7) (v/v) and water/ethanol/methanol (6:2:2) (v/v). The final products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), liquid displacement technique, contact angle measurement, compressive and tensile tests. As well as, cell adhesion and cell viability through human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) cell culture. Results: Wet-electrospun fibers, except in the almost fully beaded structure of water/ethanol (3:7) (v/v) specimen exhibited random, dispersive and non-woven morphology under SEM observation. The coagulation bath composition significantly influenced on porosity, wettability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The porosity measurement via liquid displacement method showed that except for the specimen in which the blend was spun into NaOH, other scaffolds could not meet the accepted ideal porosity percentage of above 80%. According to the contact angle measurement data, it was expected that all scaffolds experience low cellular attachment and proliferation. Conversely, in vitro hADSCs culture demonstrated that the scaffolds presented a non-toxic environment and enhanced cell proliferation and attachment. Conclusion: The data indicated that the scaffold spun into NaOH was the best candidate among other specimens to culture hADSCs