Role for miR-204 in human pulmonary arterial hypertension

Reduced miR-204 expression facilitates the excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells characteristic of human pulmonary arterial hypertension

Etude des mécanismes épigénétiques impliqués dans la kystogénèse chez le pathogène humain Toxoplasma gondii

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is the pathogen responsible for toxoplasmosis. This opportunistic parasite causes cerebral toxoplasmosis in immunodepressed individuals and the fetus. Interconversion from the virulent tachyzoïte form of the parasite to its quiescent bradyzoïte form is a critical point in the pathogenesis. This process involves a coordinated regulation of the expression of genes in the parasite, which results in a cascade of molecular events at the level of DNA. Studies suggest a transcriptional control of interconversion, including a stage specific expression of genes. However, this parasite and the whole phylum Apicomplexa are characterised by a quasi-shortage of specific transcription factors. We hypothesised that the level of expression of genes in toxoplasma is narrowly regulated by physical structure and chemical nature of chromatin. This manuscript illustrates the major influence of the “histone code” on parasite differentiation. We identified enzymes which are responsible for editing this code. The most striking example is the discovery of a methyltransferase TgCARM1 which methylates the arginine-17 residue of the histone H3, which is a marker of transcription activation. We also identified the first co-repressor complex of Toxoplasma (TgCRC). TgCRC partly controls the acetylation/deacetylation balance, in opposition to the acetylase TgGCN5, which influences parasitic differentiation. Our results leads mainly to the idea of the existence of a highly sophisticated "parasitic histone code", which has co-evoluated with that of the parasitized host cell.Le parasite intracellulaire Toxoplasma gondii est l'agent pathogène de la toxoplasmose. Cette maladie est gravissime pour le fœtus et pour l'individu immunodéprimé. L'interconversion du parasite de la forme tachyzoïte virulente à la forme bradyzoïte quiescente est au centre de la pathogénèse de cette infection. Ce processus engage une régulation coordonnée des gènes du parasite qui se traduit par une cascade d'évènements moléculaires au niveau de l'ADN. Des études suggèrent un contrôle transcriptionnel de l'interconversion avec l'expression exclusive de certains gènes dans une forme donnée. Cependant, ce parasite et son phyllum se distinguent des autres eucaryotes par une quasi-pénurie des facteurs spécifiques de transcription. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que le niveau d'expression des gènes du Toxoplasme est étroitement régulé par la structure physique et la nature chimique de la chromatine. Ce manuscrit illustre l'influence majeure du « code histone » sur la différenciation parasitaire. Nous avons identifié plusieurs enzymes en charge de l'écriture de ce code. L'exemple le plus frappant est la découverte d'une methyltransférase TgCARM1 qui méthyle l'arginine 17 de l'histone H3, une marque activatrice de la transcription. Nous avons également identifié le premier complexe co-repressor du Toxoplasme (TgCRC). TgCRC en opposition avec l'acétylase TgGCN5 régule en partie la balance acétylation/déacétylation, qui en retour influe sur la différenciation parasitaire. L'ensemble de nos résultats converge vers l'idée de l'existence d'un « code histone parasitaire » hautement sophistiqué, qui a co-évolué avec celui de la cellule hôte parasitée

The capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 8: functional identification of the glycosyltransferase WciS (Cap8H)

CPS (capsular polysaccharide) is a major virulence factor in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biosynthesis of CPS RU (repeat unit) proceeds by sequential transfer of sugar residues from the appropriate sugar donor to an activated lipid carrier by committed GTs (glycosyltransferases). While the nucleotide sequence of many cps loci is already known, the real substrate specificity of the hypothetical GTs, as well as the sequence of sugar addition is unclear. In the present paper, we report the biochemical characterization of one α-galactosyltransferase, WciS (Cap8H), a member of GT family 4. This enzyme is implicated in the tetrasaccharide RU biosynthetic pathway of Strep. pneumoniae CPS 8 ([→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-GlcAp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→](n)). Expression of WciS–His(6) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strains or BL21 (DE3)/ΔgalU strain resulted in synthesis of a 39 kDa membrane-associated protein identified by N-terminal sequencing and recognized by anti-His(6)-tag antibody. This protein was capable of adding a galactose residue cellobiuronic acid [β-D-GlcAp-(1→4)-D-Glcp]-pyrophosphate-polyprenol from UDP-Gal. The newly added galactose residue is removed by α-galactosidase, indicating that WciS is a retaining GT. Our results suggest that WciS catalyses the addition of the third sugar residue of the CPS 8 RU. The recombinant WciS–His(6) was solubilized and purified as a soluble multimer, opening the way for structural studies

Endogenous Retroviral Sequences Behave as Putative Enhancers Controlling Gene Expression through HP1-Regulated Long-Range Chromatin Interactions

International audienceAbout half of the mammalian genome is constituted of repeated elements, among which endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are known to influence gene expression and cancer development. The HP1 (Heterochromatin Protein 1) proteins are known to be essential for heterochromatin establishment and function and its loss in hepatocytes leads to the reactivation of specific ERVs and to liver tumorigenesis. Here, by studying two ERVs located upstream of genes upregulated upon loss of HP1, Mbd1 and Trim24, we show that these HP1-dependent ERVs behave as either alternative promoters or as putative enhancers forming a loop with promoters of endogenous genes depending on the genomic context and HP1 expression level. These ERVs are characterised by a specific HP1-independent enrichment in heterochromatin-associated marks H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 as well as in the enhancer-specific mark H3K4me1, a combination that might represent a bookmark of putative ERV-derived enhancers. These ERVs are further enriched in a HP1-dependent manner in H3K27me3, suggesting a critical role of this mark together with HP1 in the silencing of the ERVs, as well as for the repression of the associated genes. Altogether, these results lead to the identification of a new regulatory hub involving the HP1-dependent formation of a physical loop between specific ERVs and endogenous genes

A Toxoplasma type 2C serine-threonine phosphatase is involved in parasite growth in the mammalian host cell.

International audienceToxoplasma gondii is a human protozoan parasite that belongs to the phylum of Apicomplexa and causes toxoplasmosis. As the other members of this phylum, T. gondii obligatory multiplies within a host cell by a peculiar type of mitosis that leads to daughter cell assembly within a mother cell. Although parasite growth and virulence have been linked for years, few molecules controlling mitosis have been yet identified and they include a couple of kinases but not the counteracting phosphatases. Here, we report that in contrast to other animal cells, type 2C is by far the major type of serine threonine phosphatase activity both in extracellular and in intracellular dividing parasites. Using wild type and transgenic parasites, we characterized the 37kDa TgPP2C molecule as an abundant cytoplasmic and nuclear enzyme with activity being under tight regulation. In addition, we showed that the increase in TgPP2C activity significantly affected parasite growth by impairing cytokinesis while nuclear division still occurred. This study supports for the first time that type 2C protein phosphatase is an important regulator of cell growth in T. gondii

Histone-Modifying Complexes Regulate Gene Expression Pertinent to the Differentiation of the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Pathogenic apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma and Plasmodium (malaria) have complex life cycles consisting of multiple stages. The ability to differentiate from one stage to another requires dramatic transcriptional changes, yet there is a paucity of transcription factors in these protozoa. In contrast, we show here that Toxoplasma possesses extensive chromatin remodeling machinery that modulates gene expression relevant to differentiation. We find that, as in other eukaryotes, histone acetylation and arginine methylation are marks of gene activation in Toxoplasma. We have identified mediators of these histone modifications, as well as a histone deacetylase (HDAC), and correlate their presence at target promoters in a stage-specific manner. We purified the first HDAC complex from apicomplexans, which contains novel components in addition to others previously reported in eukaryotes. A Toxoplasma orthologue of the arginine methyltransferase CARM1 appears to work in concert with the acetylase TgGCN5, which exhibits an unusual bias for H3 [K18] in vitro. Inhibition of TgCARM1 induces differentiation, showing that the parasite life cycle can be manipulated by interfering with epigenetic machinery. This may lead to new approaches for therapy against protozoal diseases and highlights Toxoplasma as an informative model to study the evolution of epigenetics in eukaryotic cells

SETDB1-dependent heterochromatin stimulates alternative lengthening of telomeres

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HBO1 HAT Complexes Target Chromatin throughout Gene Coding Regions via Multiple PHD Finger Interactions with Histone H3 Tail

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Integrative proteomic profiling reveals PRC2-dependent epigenetic crosstalk maintains ground-state pluripotency

The pluripotent ground state is defined as a basal state free of epigenetic restrictions, which influence lineage specification. While naive embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in a hypomethylated state with open chromatin when grown using two small-molecule inhibitors (2i)/leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), in contrast to serum/LIF-grownESCs that resemble early post-implantation embryos, broader features of the ground-state pluripotent epigenome are not well understood. We identified epigenetic features of mouse ESCs cultured using 2i/LIF or serum/LIF by proteomic profiling of chromatin-associated complexes and histone modifications. Polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and its product H3K27me3 are highly abundant in 2i/LIF ESCs, and H3K27me3 is distributed genome-wide in a CpG-dependent fashion. Consistently, PRC2-deficient ESCs showed increased DNA methylation at sites normally occupied by H3K27me3 and increased H4 acetylation. Inhibiting DNA methylation in PRC2-deficient ESCs did not affect their viability or transcriptome. Our findings suggest a unique H3K27me3 configuration protects naive ESCs from lineage priming, and they reveal widespread epigenetic crosstalk in ground-state pluripotency