Lusin-type approximation of Sobolev by Lipschitz functions, in Gaussian and RCD(K,∞)RCD(K,\infty) spaces

We establish new approximation results, in the sense of Lusin, of Sobolev functions by Lipschitz ones, in some classes of non-doubling metric measure structures. Our proof technique relies upon estimates for heat semigroups and applies to Gaussian and $RCD(K, \infty)$ spaces. As a consequence, we obtain quantitative stability for regular Lagrangian flows in Gaussian settings

Spatially charge-separated 2D homojunction for photocatalytic hydrogen production

Suppression of photogenerated charge recombination is crucial for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Homojunctions have garnered more attention than heterojunctions due to their superior crystal binding and band structure matching. However, most homojunctions suffer from redox interference caused by continuous oxidizing and reducing phases that impede the ability to improve photocatalytic activity. Consequently, the preparation of homojunction photocatalysts with completely spatial separation of both in charge and redox phases remains challenging. Here, the preparation of a two-dimensional (2D) homojunction CeO2 with a back-to-back geometry and fully separated oxidizing and reducing phases is reported. The prepared CeO2 is composed of nanosheets with two contrasting smooth and rough surfaces. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the rough surface contains more highly reducing CeO2{220} and strongly visible-light-absorbing CeO2{200} facets than the smooth surface. The 2D homojunction CeO2 produces three-times more hydrogen than normal CeO2 nanosheets, and even more than that of CeO2 nanosheets loaded with gold nanoparticles. This work presents a new homojunction photocatalyst model with completely spatial separation of both in charge and redox phases that is expected to inspire further research into homojunction photocatalysts.抑制光生电荷复合对有效的光催化制氢至关重要。同质结由于其优异的晶体结合和能带结构匹配性能而受到了比异质结更多的关注。然而, 大多数同质结的氧化和还原相连续分布, 引起的氧化还原反应的相互干扰, 阻碍了提高光催化活性的能力。因此, 制备电荷和氧化还原相在空间上完全分离的同质结光催化剂仍然具有挑战性。在这里, 我们报道了一个二维(2D)同质结CeO2, 氧化还原相具有背靠背的完全分离结构。实验和理论结果表明, 与光滑表面相比, 粗糙表面含有更多的高还原性CeO2{220}和强可见光吸收CeO2{200}晶面。与普通的CeO2纳米片相比, 2D异面同质结CeO2纳米片产生的氢气量是普通CeO2纳米片的三倍, 甚至比负载了金纳米颗粒的CeO2纳米片产生的氢气量还要多。这项工作提出了一种新的具有完全空间分离的电荷相和氧化还原相的同质结光催化剂模型, 将激发研究者对同质结光催化剂的进一步研究。journal articl

Assessing the Impact of Prompting Methods on ChatGPT's Mathematical Capabilities

This study critically evaluates the efficacy of prompting methods in enhancing the mathematical reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs). The investigation uses three prescriptive prompting methods - simple, persona, and conversational prompting - known for their effectiveness in enhancing the linguistic tasks of LLMs. We conduct this analysis on OpenAI's LLM chatbot, ChatGPT-3.5, on extensive problem sets from the MATH, GSM8K, and MMLU datasets, encompassing a broad spectrum of mathematical challenges. A grading script adapted to each dataset is used to determine the effectiveness of these prompting interventions in enhancing the model's mathematical analysis power. Contrary to expectations, our empirical analysis reveals that none of the investigated methods consistently improves over ChatGPT-3.5's baseline performance, with some causing significant degradation. Our findings suggest that prompting strategies do not necessarily generalize to new domains, in this study failing to enhance mathematical performance

Retinoic Acid and Arsenic for Treating Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

What were the critical steps in the development of ATRA and arsenic as treatments for APL? Researchers in Shanghai tell the story and look to the futur

Synergy between Proteasome Inhibitors and Imatinib Mesylate in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Resistance developed by leukemic cells, unsatisfactory efficacy on patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at accelerated and blastic phases, and potential cardiotoxity, have been limitations for imatinib mesylate (IM) in treating CML. Whether low dose IM in combination with agents of distinct but related mechanisms could be one of the strategies to overcome these concerns warrants careful investigation.We tested the therapeutic efficacies as well as adverse effects of low dose IM in combination with proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib (BOR) or proteasome inhibitor I (PSI), in two CML murine models, and investigated possible mechanisms of action on CML cells. Our results demonstrated that low dose IM in combination with BOR exerted satisfactory efficacy in prolongation of life span and inhibition of tumor growth in mice, and did not cause cardiotoxicity or body weight loss. Consistently, BOR and PSI enhanced IM-induced inhibition of long-term clonogenic activity and short-term cell growth of CML stem/progenitor cells, and potentiated IM-caused inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis of BCR-ABL+ cells. IM/BOR and IM/PSI inhibited Bcl-2, increased cytoplasmic cytochrome C, and activated caspases. While exerting suppressive effects on BCR-ABL, E2F1, and β-catenin, IM/BOR and IM/PSI inhibited proteasomal degradation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), leading to a re-activation of this important negative regulator of BCR-ABL. In addition, both combination therapties inhibited Bruton's tyrosine kinase via suppression of NFκB.These data suggest that combined use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and proteasome inhibitor might be helpful for optimizing CML treatment

A proposed disease classification system for duck viral hepatitis

The nomenclature of duck viral hepatitis (DVH) was historically not a problem. However, 14 hepatotropic viruses among 10 different genera are associated with the same disease name, DVH. Therefore, the disease name increasingly lacks clarity and may no longer fit the scientific description of the disease. Because one disease should not be attributed to 10 genera of viruses, this almost certainly causes misunderstanding regarding the disease-virus relationship. Herein, we revisited the problem and proposed an update to DVH disease classification. This classification is based on the nomenclature of human viral hepatitis and the key principle of Koch's postulates (“one microbe and one disease”). In total, 10 types of disease names have been proposed. These names were literately matched with hepatitis-related viruses. We envision that this intuitive nomenclature system will facilitate scientific communication and consistent interpretation in this field, especially in the Asian veterinary community, where these diseases are most commonly reported

Comprehensive Rare Variant Analysis via Whole-Genome Sequencing to Determine the Molecular Pathology of Inherited Retinal Disease

Inherited retinal disease is a common cause of visual impairment and represents a highly heterogeneous group of conditions. Here, we present findings from a cohort of 722 individuals with inherited retinal disease, who have had whole-genome sequencing (n = 605), whole-exome sequencing (n = 72), or both (n = 45) performed, as part of the NIHR-BioResource Rare Diseases research study. We identified pathogenic variants (single-nucleotide variants, indels, or structural variants) for 404/722 (56%) individuals. Whole-genome sequencing gives unprecedented power to detect three categories of pathogenic variants in particular: structural variants, variants in GC-rich regions, which have significantly improved coverage compared to whole-exome sequencing, and variants in non-coding regulatory regions. In addition to previously reported pathogenic regulatory variants, we have identified a previously unreported pathogenic intronic variant in $\textit{CHM}$ in two males with choroideremia. We have also identified 19 genes not previously known to be associated with inherited retinal disease, which harbor biallelic predicted protein-truncating variants in unsolved cases. Whole-genome sequencing is an increasingly important comprehensive method with which to investigate the genetic causes of inherited retinal disease.This work was supported by The National Institute for Health Research England (NIHR) for the NIHR BioResource – Rare Diseases project (grant number RG65966). The Moorfields Eye Hospital cohort of patients and clinical and imaging data were ascertained and collected with the support of grants from the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital Special Trustees, Moorfields Eye Charity, the Foundation Fighting Blindness (USA), and Retinitis Pigmentosa Fighting Blindness. M.M. is a recipient of an FFB Career Development Award. E.M. is supported by UCLH/UCL NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. F.L.R. and D.G. are supported by Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre