Descripción de la capacidad funcional en niños de 8 a 10 años, a través del Test Five Sit-To-Stand de la comuna de Peñalolen, Santiago 2015

Tesis (Licenciatura en Kinesiología)La capacidad funcional, es el nivel de actividad física que puede realizar una persona1, y la actividad física es cualquier movimiento realizado por los músculos esqueléticos que generen un gasto energético.2 Al verse disminuida la capacidad de realizar actividad física en las personas, estas tendrán mayor probabilidad de generar patologías a nivel metabólico, cardiovascular, cognitivo y a nivel otros sistemas.1 Estos efectos perjudiciales suscitan un problema y un tema que requiere, estudio y análisis del caso debido al alza alarmante de obesidad a nivel mundial. En Chile a nivel de enseñanza básica por ejemplo el 40% de los niños tienen sobrepeso.3 Este estudio tiene como población objetivo niños de entre 8 a 10 años debido a la poca información bibliográfica disponible respecto a este tema y a que la disminución de la capacidad funcional a edades tempranas genera una predisposición negativa a tener complicaciones en múltiples sistemas, ser víctima de discriminación, hostilidad por parte del entorno, posibles estados depresivos, lo que llevaría al niño a caer en conductas sedentarias reiteradas a lo largo de su desarrollo.4 Por otro lado una mayor capacidad funcional actuará como un importante factor protector en la prevención de las patologías ya mencionadas. Existen distintas herramientas para medir la capacidad funcional, dentro de ellas está el “Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test”, el cual es una herramienta útil, ya que es fácil de aplicar, no requiere un entrenamiento previo, y es de fácil acceso.5 Y en razón de lo anterior es que consideramos pertinente evaluar la capacidad funcional a través de esta herramienta. Además creemos que fue necesario realizarlo en niños dado que hay poca evidencia sobre la capacidad funcional en estos, y la evaluación de esta variable seria la evaluación de un factor protector importante de la salud de estos en su futuro

Capacidad predictiva de la memoria de trabajo e inhibición en las competencias matemáticas tempranas

Early mathematical competencies have a great impact on academic performance and on the development of more complex mathematical skills, especially in early education. Several authors have highlighted the importance of working memory and inhibition in the development of these mathematical skills; however, there is no agreement regarding the explanatory capacity of these executive domains with respect to differentiated performance in mathematics. The aim of this research was to evaluate the predictive capacity of verbal and visuospatial working memory and of behavioral and cognitive inhibition in mathematical competencies of relational logic and numerical type in 106 Chilean children of early education between 4 and 6 years old, who were evaluated with four executive tasks and an early mathematical assessment test. For data analysis, correlations and multiple linear regressions were performed. The results showed that verbal working memory was a relevant predictor of both logical-relational and numerical mathematical competencies. These findings are relevant for the educational system, especially for early education, as they confirm that as children advance in their educational trajectory, their working memory is strengthened and with it their mathematical performance.Las competencias matemáticas tempranas tienen un gran impacto en el desempeño académico y en el desarrollo de habilidades matemáticas más complejas, especialmente en la educación inicial. Diversos autores han puesto de manifiesto la importancia de la memoria de trabajo e inhibición en el desarrollo de estas habilidades matemáticas, no obstante no existe un acuerdo respecto de la capacidad explicativa de estos dominios ejecutivos respecto al desempeño diferenciado en matemáticas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad predictiva de la memoria de trabajo verbal y visoespacial y de la inhibición conductual y cognitiva en las competencias matemáticas de tipo lógico relacional y numéricas de 106 niños/as chilenos de educación inicial de entre 4 y 6 años, quienes fueron evaluados con cuatro tareas ejecutivas y un test de evaluación matemática temprana. Para el análisis de los datos se realizaron correlaciones y regresiones lineales múltiples. Los resultados mostraron que la memoria de trabajo verbal fue un predictor relevante tanto de las competencias matemáticas lógico-relacionales como de las numéricas. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para el sistema educativo, especialmente para la educación inicial, en tanto confirman que a medida que los/as niños/as avanzan en su trayectoria educativa, su memoria de trabajo se fortalece y con ello también su desempeño matemático

Optical absorption spectra of metal oxides from time-dependent density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory based on optimally-tuned hybrid functionals

Using both time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the ``single-shot" $GW$ plus Bethe-Salpeter equation ($GW$-BSE) approach, we compute optical band gaps and optical absorption spectra from first principles for eight common binary and ternary closed-shell metal oxides (MgO, Al$_2$O$_3$, CaO, TiO$_2$, Cu$_2$O, ZnO, BaSnO$_3$, and BiVO$_4$), based on the non-empirical Wannier-localized optimally-tuned screened range-separated hybrid functional. Overall, we find excellent agreement between our TDDFT and $GW$-BSE results and experiment, with a mean absolute error less than 0.4 eV, including for Cu$_2$O and ZnO, traditionally considered to be challenging for both methods

Multi-isotopic and morphometric evidence for the migration of farmers leading up to the Inka conquest of the southern Andes

We present isotopic and morphometric evidence suggesting the migration of farmers in the southern Andes in the period AD 1270–1420, leading up to the Inka conquest occurring ~ AD 1400. This is based on the interdisciplinary study of human remains from archaeological cemeteries in the Andean Uspallata Valley (Argentina), located in the southern frontier of the Inka Empire. The studied samples span AD 800–1500, encompassing the highly dynamic Late Intermediate Period and culminating with the imperial expansion. Our research combines a macro-regional study of human paleomobility and migration based on a new strontium isoscape across the Andes that allows identifying locals and migrants, a geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-facial morphology suggesting separate ancestral lineages, and a paleodietary reconstruction based on stable isotopes showing that the migrants had diets exceptionally high in C4 plants and largely based on maize agriculture. Significantly, this migration influx occurred during a period of regional demographic increase and would have been part of a widespread period of change in settlement patterns and population movements that preceded the Inka expansion. These processes increased local social diversity and may have been subsequently utilized by the Inka to channel interaction with the local societies.Fil: Barberena, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Menéndez, Lumila. Universitat Bonn; AlemaniaFil: le Roux, Petrus J.. University of Cape Town; SudáfricaFil: Marsh, Erik Johnson. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Tessone, Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica; ArgentinaFil: Novellino, Paula Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas J. Cornelio Moyano; ArgentinaFil: Lucero, Gustavo. Universidad Católica de Temuco; ChileFil: Luyt, Julie. University of Cape Town; SudáfricaFil: Sealy, Judith. University of Cape Town; SudáfricaFil: Cardillo, Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Gasco, Alejandra Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Llano, Carina Lourdes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria; ArgentinaFil: Frigolé, Cecilia Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Guevara, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas J. Cornelio Moyano; ArgentinaFil: Da Peña, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas J. Cornelio Moyano; ArgentinaFil: Winocur, Diego Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Benítez, Anahí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Cornejo, Luis. Universidad Alberto Hurtado; ChileFil: Falabella, Fernanda. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Méndez, César. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia; ChileFil: Nuevo Delaunay, Amalia. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia; ChileFil: Sanhueza, Lorena. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Santana Sagredo, Francisca. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Troncoso, Andrés. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Zárate, Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Duran, Victor Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Cortegoso, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; Argentin

Developments in ensemble and finite temperature density functional theory using a model system

This dissertation is an accumulation of my contribution to the fundamental understanding of ensemble Density Functional Theory and finite temperature Density Functional Theory, through the use of quantum model systems. Ensemble DFT is a time-independent method to extracting excitation energies, and provides a way to extract multiple excitations. Currently this is not possible with the common approximations used in time-dependent DFT. Chapter 3 of this thesis covers ensemble DFT and verifies an exact exchange approximation that can accurately capture multiple excitations using the Hubbard model. Finite temperature DFT is often incorrectly confused with ensemble DFT, and refers to DFT at non zero temperatures. Its value comes from its applications to warm dense matter simulations. The last three chapters of this dissertation contain several projects in the hopes of improving the understanding of finite temperature DFT. In particular it generalizes the PPLB derivative discontinuity model to finite temperatures, and discusses the construction of an exact finite temperature approximation. These contributions are done with the intention on enhancing warm dense simulations

Developments in ensemble and finite temperature density functional theory using a model system

This dissertation is an accumulation of my contribution to the fundamental understanding of ensemble Density Functional Theory and finite temperature Density Functional Theory, through the use of quantum model systems. Ensemble DFT is a time-independent method to extracting excitation energies, and provides a way to extract multiple excitations. Currently this is not possible with the common approximations used in time-dependent DFT. Chapter 3 of this thesis covers ensemble DFT and verifies an exact exchange approximation that can accurately capture multiple excitations using the Hubbard model. Finite temperature DFT is often incorrectly confused with ensemble DFT, and refers to DFT at non zero temperatures. Its value comes from its applications to warm dense matter simulations. The last three chapters of this dissertation contain several projects in the hopes of improving the understanding of finite temperature DFT. In particular it generalizes the PPLB derivative discontinuity model to finite temperatures, and discusses the construction of an exact finite temperature approximation. These contributions are done with the intention on enhancing warm dense simulations

From the Andes to the coast: human mobility and diet in the Atacama desert during the late intermediate period (ad 900-1450)

The Late Intermediate Period in northern Chile has been strongly influenced by the mobility models of vertical archipelago and the gyratory mobility. The vertical archipelago model proposes altiplano colonies would have lived in the lowlands controlling trade and distributing economic resources. The gyratory mobility suggests trade was rather controlled by pastoralist groups from the highlands, travelling across the Andes using llama caravans. Following new studies on stable isotope analysis for the LIP in the Atacama Desert, there is little evidence to support the colonies hypothesis. For this reason, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the presence of colonies and specialised highland pastoralist groups in the lowlands of northern Chile through the use of δ13C, δ15N, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr as well as radiocarbon dating. Human remains were analysed for tooth enamel, bone collagen, bone apatite, and hair-keratin. A second aim of the thesis was to provide new analysis of archaeological plants and animals of the area. Plants results present incredibly high δ15N values for the crops, suggesting use of fertilisers on them, probably seabird guano from the coast. This is also supported by the absence of a marine reservoir effect on the radiocarbon dates, reflected in the lack of offset between paired dates of bone collagen and textiles in individuals enriched in 15N. The results obtained for the human remains suggest there is no evidence to support neither the 'colony' hypothesis nor the gyratory mobility model. However, a small number of outlier individuals for δ13C, δ15N, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr suggest a non-local origin. Mobility patterns were diverse and flexible including female and male individuals that moved at different moments of their life (infancy and adulthood). This study shows that dietary patterns in the Atacama Desert during the LIP were associated with strong local traditions.</p

A chronology for the earliest human burials at Cuchipuy, central Chile

Cuchipuy is an archaeological site within the ancient Laguna de Tagua Tagua area (O’Higgins Region, central Chile; known for containing the remains of extinct fauna), with evidence for cultural activity spanning most of the Holocene, including over 50 human burials. The bulk of chronometric work at Cuchipuy was carried out in the 1980s, where a discrepancy within the radiocarbon dating results raised questions on the antiquity of the oldest funerary deposits (Stratum 4). Given the importance of both the site and area in prehistoric studies, this analysis aimed to reassess the chronology of Stratum 4 through the production of new radiocarbon dates on human remains and the application of Bayesian modelling. When combined with previously published ages, results place the commencement of Stratum 4 at 7320–7160 cal BP, within the early-mid Holocene. This is later than previous conclusions based on the discrepant dataset, refuting a temporal connection to Paleoindian deposits within the region. In addition, stable light isotope results suggest that human diet during the period was diverse, relying on both terrestrial and freshwater aquatic resources. This pattern changes with later populations, however, where the isotopic signal reflects the consumption of mainly terrestrial resources

Brief Communication: Dietary Practices in Ancient Populations From Northern Chile during the Transition to Agriculture (Tarapaca Region, 1000 BC-AD 900)

Artículo de publicación ISIObjective: The goal of this research is to understand the relevance of diet diversity during the transition to agriculture, in ancient populations from northern Chile, especially considering the significance of marine resources and crops in a lesser degree. Methods: A total of 14 human individuals were sampled from the Tarapaca 40 cemetery. Both bone and tooth samples were collected. Samples were studied from bone/dentine collagen for carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis; and bone/enamel apatite for carbon isotope analysis. Inferential statistical analyses were performed in order to compare Tarapaca 40 stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values with other Formative and Late Intermediate Period groups. A nonparametrical hypothesis Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Results: The results show that the individuals from Tarapaca 40 are intermediate to the values observed for terrestrial and marine fauna as well as C-3 and C-4 plants. Conclusions: A gradual transition to crop consumption, especially maize, is suggested. This complemented the earlier hunter-gatherer tradition of marine resources and wild fruit consumption. Contrarily to the predictions made by some archaeologists, the results obtained for northern Chile contrast with the classical perspective of a "Neolithic Revolution" in which transition to agriculture occurred more abruptly and linearly.FONDECYT 1110461 113027