Volume I. Introduction to DUNE

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE\u27s physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), far detector technical design report, volume III: DUNE far detector technical coordination

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module

The destruction of source and sink habitats in the decline of the Mauritius Fody, Foudia rubra, an island-endemic bird

The population of the Mauritius Fody, Foudia rubra, a rare island-endemic bird, was structured as five subpopulations. The largest comprised small source areas contiguous with larger sink areas. The remainder were relicts, left by habitat destruction, from a time when the distribution was far more extensive. No evidence was found for a classical metapopulation structure. Destruction of source areas would have severe effects on population viability; their creation is the key to enhancing it. Following habitat destruction (1950-1975), fodies unexpectedly disappeared from habitat areas that were not destroyed; this probably occurred because the area destroyed contained source areas upon which adjacent, intact sink areas depended. The suggestion that introduced nest predators are likely only to affect native animal populations soon after their arrival is strongly rejected

Nesting success of the Mauritius Fody Foudia rubra in relation to its use of exotic trees as nest sites

Nest site choice and nesting success were studied in the Mauritius Fody Foudia rubra, a rare, island-endemic bird. Most pairs whose nests were found nested only in exotic plantation trees (Cryptomeria, Eucalyptus and Finns) although native trees were available; around half of the total population nested in exotics.:Most nesting failure resulted from nest predation, apparently by exotic Black Rats Rattus rattus and Crab-eating Macaques Macaca fascicularis. Nesting success was much higher in Cryptomeria (46%) than in other tree species (6%), and I conclude that this fact explains why fodies selected Cryptomeria for nesting, The same seems certatn to be true for the Pink Pigeon Columba majeri, which nested only in Cryptomeria. Larger samples of nests might reveal that Finns and Eucalyptus support a nesting success intermediate between native trees and Cryptomeria, thereby explaining their use for nesting

Distribution studies on the forest-living native passerines of Mauritius

Of the six forest-living native passerines of Mauritius, Jive are largely restricted to native vegetation. These are the Mauritius cuckoo-shrike Coracina typica, Mauritius black bulbul Hypsipetes olivaceus Mascarene paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone bourbonnensis, Mauritius olive white-eye Zosterops chloronothus and Mauritius fody Foudia rubra. Their distributions are concentrated on the escarpment south of the central plateau, and most species are absent from the forests near the east coast. Populations in 1993 were of the order of 100-300 pairs for all Jive species. Since the last census in 1975, the cuckoo-shrike and black bulbul appear to have at least maintained numbers; the former may have increased its population by expanding its range. The flycatcher, olive white-eye and fody have all declined more seriously than could have been expected from the fraction of their former area of occupancy destroyed. Most species are restricted to a small fraction of the available native habitat, because of nest predation and perhaps also reduced food supply, disease and, in the past, organochlorine pesticide use. Three habitat management strategies applicable to their long-term conservation are introduced

The annual cycle and breeding behaviour of the Mauritius Fody Foudia rubra

The Mauritius Fody Foudia rubra, a highly endangered species of weaver (Ploceidae) endemic to Mauritius, was studied from 1989-1993. The plumage, various display postures (typical of the family), and seven adult and two juvenile vocalisations are described. The diet consisted of insects, nectar and fruit, Males were in breeding plumage, and breeding took place, between late August and early April, although severe weather in February 1992 terminated breeding activity early. The species appeared to be monogamous and was suspected to maintain a long-term pair bond. Pairs occupied exclusive territories of not less than 0.9 ha. Both sexes built the nest from the outset, but only the female lined it. Between breeding attempts, some pairs habitually started but then abandoned one or more nests. Clutch sizes of two to four were recorded, three being the norm. Incubation and brooding were carried out by the female; the male joined in feeding the young after daytime brooding ceased. Juvenile dependency appeared to last around two weeks after which the young were ousted from the territory. The potential productivity of up to three broods per pair per year was not achieved by any pair studied because of poor nesting success. A complete moult followed breeding. Territorial defence continued throughout the year, and no evidence for seasonal movements was seen. Two behavioural features seem unexpected: 1) male nest invitation and nest advertisement behaviour appeared to be absent; 2) females participated from the outset of nest-building (including prospecting). These could be explained by the existence of a long-term pair bond, which needs to be confirmed but would not; be surprising in a species that remains on territory all year. Hypotheses that could be tested to find a mechanism responsible for the unusual features of the fody are suggested. In comparison with other fodies studied, the breeding behaviour most resembled that of the Seychelles Fody F. sechellarum (also a monogamous, nongraminivorous omnivore that breeds in solitary pairs in evergreen forest). The annual cycle was similar to that of other native passerines and most other fody taxa

Notes on the biology of the Mauritius Black Bulbul Hypsipetes olivaceus

The Mauritius Black Bulbul Hypsipetes olivaceus is a threatened passerine endemic to Mauritius. Direct observations of food items indicate that it is an arboreal omnivore. Animal prey consists mostly of insects and native day-geckoes (Phelsuma spp.). A wide variety of native and exotic fruits is also taken. The species is apparently monogamous, With an egg-laying season extending from at least November to February, usual clutch and brood sizes of two to three, ability rapidly to lay repeat clutches in a new nest, and post-breeding complete moult. In these respects, its annual cycle resembles that of the other native Mauritian passerines. It occurs at very low population density compared to its Indian Ocean congeners; possible reasons for this are given

A survey of the occurrence of native vegetation remnants on Mauritius in 1993

Mauritius (1865 km(2)) was originally completely covered by wet or dry evergreen forest and scrub, and palm savanna. Habitat destruction following human colonization in 1638 resulted in the reduction of native vegetation cover on the mainland to 92.8 km(2), or 5.0% of the land area, by 1993. Most of this is wet evergreen forest and scrub; dry forest is rare and palm savanna is extinct. Of the native vegetation surviving in 1993, 63% was in the south-west, the rest in the centre-east, with a tiny fragment in the north. The existence of several patches, especially relicts on the central plateau, is widely ignored. The newly-established Black River Gorges National Park protects 44% of the total native vegetation area, and 70% of that in the south-west. The native vegetation outside the National Park remains protected by previous legislation