Integrating chemical and biological status assessment: assembling lines of evidence for the evaluation of river ecosystem risk

This paper describes various approaches to evaluating ecological risk in rivers affected by multiple chemical stressors, with emphasis on biofilm and invertebrate community responses. Metrics should be considered as different lines of evidence that, when weighted, form an advanced weight of evidence approach to establishing the environmental risk on a basin scale. Combination of field surveys to obtain observational data of communities, in situ experiments, toxicological sediment tests and a good chemical description of the medium (water and sediment) helps give an integrative view of the chemical and biological state of a river ecosystem. The greater and more distinct the variables used, the greater is our ability to identify the effects of major stressors impairing communities. Weight of evidence is an integrative methodology for tackling the challenge of determining causal relations and applying this knowledge in the decision-making processes of river management

Plasmids in the aphid endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola with the smallest genomes. A puzzling evolutionary story.

Buchnera aphidicola, the primary endosymbiont of aphids, has undergone important genomic and biochemical changes as an adaptation to intracellular life. The most important structural changes include a drastic genome reduction and the amplification of genes encoding key enzymes for the biosynthesis of amino acids by their translocation to plasmids. Molecular characterization through different aphid subfamilies has revealed that the genes involved in leucine and tryptophan biosynthesis show a variable fate, since they can be located on plasmids or on the chromosome in different lineages. This versatility contrasts with the genomic stasis found in three distantly related B. aphidicola strains already sequenced. We present the analysis of three B. aphidicola strains (BTg, BCt and BCc) belonging to aphids from different tribes of the subfamily Lachninae, that was estimated to harbour the bacteria with the smallest genomes. The presence of both leucine and tryptophan plasmids in BTg, a chimerical leucine-tryptophan plasmid in BCt, and only a leucine plasmid in BCc, indicates the existence of many recombination events in a recA minus bacterium. In addition, these B. aphidicola plasmids are the simplest described in this species, indicating that plasmids are also involved in the genome shrinkage process

Effects of riparian vegetation removal on nutrient retention in a Mediterranean stream

We examined the effects of riparian vegetation removal on algal dynamics and stream nutrient retention efficiency by comparing NH4-N and PO4-P uptake lengths from a logged and an unlogged reach in Riera Major, a forested Mediterranean stream in northeastern Spain. From June to September 1995, we executed 6 short-term additions of N (as NH4Cl) and P (as Na2HPO4) in a 200-m section to measure nutrient uptake lengths. The study site included 2 clearly differentiated reaches in terms of canopy cover by riparian trees: the first 100 m were completely logged (i.e., the logged reach) and the remaining 100 m were left intact (i.e., the shaded reach). Trees were removed from the banks of the logged reach in the winter previous to our sampling. In the shaded reach, riparian vegetation was dominated by alders (Alnus glutinosa). The study was conducted during summer and fall months when differences in light availability between the 2 reaches were greatest because of forest canopy conditions. Algal biomass and % of stream surface covered by algae were higher in the logged than in the shaded reach, indicating that logging had a stimulatory effect on algae in the stream. Overall, nutrient retention efficiency was higher (i.e., shorter uptake lengths) in the logged than in the shaded reach, especially for PO4-P. Despite a greater increase in PO4-P retention efficiency relative to that of NH4-N following logging, retention efficiency for NH4-N was higher than for PO4-P in both study reaches. The PO4-P mass-transfer coefficient was correlated with primary production in both study reaches, indicating that algal activity plays an important role in controlling PO4-P dynamics in this stream. In contrast, the NH4-N mass-transfer coefficient showed a positive relation-ship only with % of algal coverage in the logged reach, and was not correlated with any algal-related parameter in the shaded reach. The lack of correlation with algal production suggests that mechanisms other than algal activity (i.e., microbial heterotrophic processes or abiotic mechanisms) may also influence NH4-N retention in this stream. Overall, this study shows that logging disturbances in small shaded streams may alter in-stream ecological features that lead to changes in stream nutrient retention efficiency. Moreover, it emphasizes that alteration of the tight linkage between the stream channel and the adjacent riparian zone may directly and indirectly impact biogeochemical processes with implications for stream ecosystem functioning

Hydrology, light and the use of organic and inorganic materials as structuring factors of biological communities in Mediterranean streams

Hydrological disturbances, light availability and nutrients are the most relevant factors determining the structure of the biological communities in Mediterranean rivers. While some hydrological disturbances are able to induce catastrophic effects, which may cause a complete reset in physical and biological conditions, continued enrichment or changes in light availability are factors leading to the progressive shift in the communities of autotrophs and heterotrophs in the systems. Primary production in Mediterranean streams shows relevant seasonal changes which mainly follows the variations in light availability. In most forested streams, the algal community is shade-adapted. Nutrient enrichment (especially phosphorus) leads to marked increases in primary production, but this increase is not lineal and there is a saturation of algal biomass even in the most enriched systems. The heterotrophs (bacteria, fungi) are related to the pattern of DOC availability (which most depends on the seasonal discharge and leaf fall dynamics) and to the available substrata in the stream. It has been repeatedly observed that shorttime increases of extracellular enzyme activities are related to the accumulation of autochthonous (algal) and/or allochthonous (leaves) organic matter on the streambed during spring and summer, this being more remarkable in dry than in wetter years. Flow reduction favours detritus concentration in pools, and the subsequent increase in the density and biomass of the macroinvertebrate community. In Mediterranean streams collectors are accounting for the highest density and biomass, this being more remarkable in the least permanent systems, in accordance with the effect of floods on the organic matter availability. Nutrients, through the effect on the primary producers, also affect the trophic food web in the streams by favouring the predominance of grazers.Los cambios hidrológicos, la disponibilidad de la luz y los nutrientes son los factores más importantes que determinan la estructura y función de la comunidad en los ríos Mediterráneos. Mientras los cambios hidrológicos pueden causar un total reestablecimiento en las condiciones físicas y biológicas, un aumento continuo de la concentración de nutrientes o cambios en la disponibilidad de la luz, son factores que favorecen un cambio progresivo de las comunidades de autótrofos y heterótrofos. La producción primaria en los ríos Mediterráneos presenta cambios estacionales en función de la luz. En los ríos forestados, las algas están adaptadas a la baja intensidad de la luz. El aumento de la concentración de nutrientes, especialmente el fósforo, favorece la producción primaria pero no de forma lineal, ya que aparece una saturación de la biomasa algal en los sistemas más eutróficos. Los heterótrofos (bacterias y hongos) están más relacionados con la disponibilidad de DOC (que a su vez depende de las variaciones estacionales del caudal y de la dinámica de la caída de las hojas) y de sustrato. Se ha observado, repetidamente, una relación entre el aumento a corto plazo de la actividad exoenzimática y la acumulación de biomasa autóctona algal y/o alóctona (hojas) en el lecho del río, durante la primavera y el verano. Esta relación es más evidente en los años más secos. La reducción del caudal favorece la concentración del detritus en las áreas de menor velocidad de corriente ("pools") y se observa un aumento en la densidad y biomasa de los macroinvertebrados. En los ríos Mediterráneos los recolectores alcanzan las mayores densidades y biomasas, especialmente en los sistemas menos permanentes, en relación con el efecto de las variaciones de caudal sobre la disponibilidad de materia orgánica. Los nutrientes, a través de la producción primaria, tienen un efecto también sobre la estructura de la red trófica, favoreciendo a los ramoneadores

Genome Mutational and Transcriptional Hotspots Are Traps for Duplicated Genes and Sources of Adaptations

[EN] Gene duplication generates new genetic material, which has been shown to lead to major innovations in unicellular and multicellular organisms. A whole-genome duplication occurred in the ancestor of Saccharomyces yeast species but 92% of duplicates returned to single-copy genes shortly after duplication. The persisting duplicated genes in Saccharomyces led to the origin of major metabolic innovations, which have been the source of the unique biotechnological capabilities in the Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. What factors have determined the fate of duplicated genes remains unknown. Here, we report the first demonstration that the local genome mutation and transcription rates determine the fate of duplicates. We show, for the first time, a preferential location of duplicated genes in the mutational and transcriptional hotspots of S. cerevisiae genome. The mechanism of duplication matters, with whole-genome duplicates exhibiting different preservation trends compared to small-scale duplicates. Genome mutational and transcriptional hotspots are rich in duplicates with large repetitive promoter elements. Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows more tolerance to deleterious mutations in duplicates with repetitive promoter elements, which in turn exhibit higher transcriptional plasticity against environmental perturbations. Our data demonstrate that the genome traps duplicates through the accelerated regulatory and functional divergence of their gene copies providing a source of novel adaptations in yeast.This study was supported by a grant (reference: FEDER-BFU2015-66073-P) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad-FEDER and a grant (reference: ACOMP/2015/026) from the local government Conselleria de Educacion Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana to M.A.F. C.T. was supported by a grant Juan de la Cierva from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (reference: JCA-2012-14056).Fares Riaño, MA.; Sabater-Muñoz, B.; Toft, C. (2017). Genome Mutational and Transcriptional Hotspots Are Traps for Duplicated Genes and Sources of Adaptations. Genome Biology and Evolution. 9(5):1229-1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evx085S1229124095Agier, N., & Fischer, G. (2011). The Mutational Profile of the Yeast Genome Is Shaped by Replication. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29(3), 905-913. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr280Altschul, S. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25(17), 3389-3402. doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389Anders, S., & Huber, W. (2010). Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Genome Biology, 11(10). doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106Berry, D. B., & Gasch, A. P. (2008). 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8th International Symposium on fruit flies of economic importance

Sabater Muñoz, B.; Urbaneja García, A.; Navarro Llopis, V. (2010). 8th International Symposium on fruit flies of economic importance. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11200Archivo delegad

Estudios del Palauet Nolla. Del levantamineto a la gestión HBIM

[EN] As an emblematic monument of the huerta of Valencia, the Nolla Palace has a complex history. The old farmhouse, which later became the symbol and jewel of the prestigious Nolla mosaic factory, has nevertheless fallen into complete abandonment and even oblivion. The pathologies suffered by the construction, and the imminent danger of loss that it implied, led in 2010 to the initiation of an exhaustive study, which would lead to the rediscovery of its historical, architectural and sumptuary value. This revival involved several phases of research and intervention. Each of them took place in a specific context, with particular objectives and conditions, which required a perfect adaptation of protocols, methods and tools to the characteristics of the project, in order to optimise resources. Conventional surveying, 3D scanning and even the application of HBIM followed one another to achieve the recovery of this exceptional heritage.[ES] Monumento emblemático de la huerta de Valencia, el Palauet Nolla ha tenido una historia compleja. La antigua alquería, que posteriormente fue el símbolo y joya de la prestigiosa fábrica de mosaicos Nolla, ha sin embargo caído en el abandono más completo, e incluso en el olvido. Las patologías que sufría la construcción, y el inminente peligro de pérdida que implicaba, llevó en el año 2010 a iniciar un estudio exhaustivo, que llevaría a redescubrir su valor histórico, arquitectónico y suntuario. Este renacimiento conllevó la realización de varias fases de investigación y de intervención. Cada una de ellas se desarrolló en un contexto específico, con objetivos y condiciones particulares, que requerían una perfecta adecuación de los protocolos, métodos y herramientas, a las características de la misma, con el fin de optimizar los recursos. Levantamiento convencional, escaneado 3D e incluso aplicación del HBIM se han sucedido para conseguir la recuperación de este patrimonio excepcional.Laumain, X.; Esteve Muñoz, VF.; López Sabater, A. (2023). Studies of the Nolla Palace. From survey to HBIM management. EGE Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación. (19):96-116. https://doi.org/10.4995/ege.2023.20825961161

Multiple stressors in Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems: The Llobregat River as a paradigm

Hydrological modifications drive other ecological stressors of freshwater ecosystems and interact with them. The present paper examines the relevance of hydrological disturbances resulting from global change by presenting the case of the Llobregat River, a highly disturbed system in NE Spain. The Llobregat is a clear example of a Mediterranean river suffering from multiple stressors. Both the distribution and abundance of organisms and ecosystem functioning as a whole are greatly determined by water scarcity, water salinity, nutrient concentration, and organic (and inorganic) pollution. Structural drought exacerbates these problems, as the capacity to dilute pollutants is compromised. Controlling water abstraction and limiting nutrient and pollutant inputs downstream are essential to the structural and functional recovery of biological communities and to maximizing the ecosystem services provided by the Llobregat River. [Contrib Sci 10:161-169 (2014)

Evaluation of the effects of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in Colombia drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies: study protocol of a multicenter, clusterrandomized controlled trial

We thank the University of Antioquia, Laproff Laboratories, and all the people who participated in the study and were essential for its successful completion.Background: Health disorders, due to the use of drugs with fiscalized substances, including controlled substances, have become a common problem in Colombia. Multiple reasons can help explain this problem, including selfmedication, since access to these drugs may be easier. Also, there is a lack of knowledge that these drugs are safer than illicit drugs. The use of these drugs without a valid medical prescription and follow-up can have negative consequences such as drug abuse, addiction, and overdose, and eventually, have negative health consequences. Pharmacy staff is essential to both assure the correct drug use and minimize prescription errors to help outpatients have better management of their pharmacotherapy. For this reason, it is necessary to increase key competencies like knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the pharmacy staff of ambulatory (outpatients) pharmacies. Methods: This study is a prospective, cluster-randomized, parallel-group, multicenter trial of drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies (ambulatory pharmacies). The study is designed to determine the effectiveness of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies. Pharmacy staff will be randomly selected and assigned to one of the study groups (intervention or control). The intervention group will receive a continuing education program for over 12 months. The control group will receive only general information about the correct use of complex dosage forms. The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a continuing education program to improve pharmacy staff competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) to improve the ambulatory (outpatient) pharmacy services: dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance of drugs with fiscalized substances. The secondary outcomes include (a) processes associated with the management of drugs with fiscalized substances in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies, including regulation compliance; (b) degree of implementation of ambulatory (outpatient) pharmacy services targeting these drugs in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies; (c) patient satisfaction with such services; and (d) pharmacy staff satisfaction with the continuing education program. Discussion: This clinical trial will establish whether providing a continuing education program for the adequate utilization of drugs with fiscalized substances improves pharmacy staff competencies regarding these drugs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03388567. Registered on 28 November 2017. First drugstore or drugstore/ pharmacy randomized on December 1, 2018. Protocol version: 0017102017MC Keywords: Dispensation, Health education, Pharmacovigilance, Drugstores, Pharmacies, Pharmacy staff, Fiscalized substances, Controlled drugsCommittee for Development Research (CDR)University of AntioquiaLaproff Laboratorie

The Role of Ancestral Duplicated Genes in Adaptation to Growth on Lactate, a Non-Fermentable Carbon Source for the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[EN] The cell central metabolism has been shaped throughout evolutionary times when facing challenges from the availability of resources. In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a set of duplicated genes originating from an ancestral whole-genome and several coetaneous small-scale duplication events drive energy transfer through glucose metabolism as the main carbon source either by fermentation or respiration. These duplicates (~a third of the genome) have been dated back to approximately 100 MY, allowing for enough evolutionary time to diverge in both sequence and function. Gene duplication has been proposed as a molecular mechanism of biological innovation, maintaining balance between mutational robustness and evolvability of the system. However, some questions concerning the molecular mechanisms behind duplicated genes transcriptional plasticity and functional divergence remain unresolved. In this work we challenged S. cerevisiae to the use of lactic acid/lactate as the sole carbon source and performed a small adaptive laboratory evolution to this non-fermentative carbon source, determining phenotypic and transcriptomic changes. We observed growth adaptation to acidic stress, by reduction of growth rate and increase in biomass production, while the transcriptomic response was mainly driven by repression of the whole-genome duplicates, those implied in glycolysis and overexpression of ROS response. The contribution of several duplicated pairs to this carbon source switch and acidic stress is also discussed.This research was funded by Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECOFEDER), actually the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), Spanish Research Agency (AEI), MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF A way of making Europe (FEDER "Una forma de hacer Europa") with grant number BFU2015-66073-P (to M.A.F.) and Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades y Sociedad Digital with grant number SEJI/2018/046 (to C.T.). F.M. was supported by a Spanish PhD Fellowship number FPI BES-2016-076677, from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ESF "Investing in your future".Mattenberger, F.; Fares Riaño, MA.; Toft, C.; Sabater-Muñoz, B. (2021). The Role of Ancestral Duplicated Genes in Adaptation to Growth on Lactate, a Non-Fermentable Carbon Source for the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(22):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212293S117222