Prevalence and evolution of snoring and the associated factors in two-year-old children

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and persistence of snoring during the first two years of life in two Finnish birth cohorts and to assess the associated factors. Study design: The study population comprised 947 children from the CHILD-SLEEP (CS) and 1393 children from the FinnBrain (FB) birth cohorts. Questionnaires were provided to both parents when the child was 24 months of age. The questionnaire consisted of parts concerning the child's sleep and environmental factors. Results: The combined prevalence of habitual snoring in the two birth cohorts at the age of 24 months was 2.3% (95% CI 1.5-3.1), which is markedly lower than reported previously. Children suffering from recurrent infections (CS odds ratio (OR) 3.9, 95% CI 1.2-12.5) or asthma (FB OR 4.3, 1.4-13.5) snored habitually more often. Both the mother's (CS OR 3.2, 1.2-9.0) and father's (CS OR 3.4, 1.4-8.0) snoring every night added to the risk of the child snoring. In the multivariate models, parental snoring (CS adjusted odds ratio (ORa) 2.8, 1.1-6.8), the mother's lower level of education (CS ORa 2.9, 1.2-7.5, FB ORa 2.1, 1.0-4.5), and the mother's lower monthly income (FB ORa 2.9, 1.3-6.3) associated with the child's habitual snoring. Conclusions: The prevalence of habitual snoring in two Finnish birth cohorts is lower than reported previously. The independent risk factors for habitual snoring at the age of two years were the parents' snoring and the mother's low income and low education.Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and persistence of snoring during the first two years of life in two Finnish birth cohorts and to assess the associated factors. Study design: The study population comprised 947 children from the CHILD-SLEEP (CS) and 1393 children from the FinnBrain (FB) birth cohorts. Questionnaires were provided to both parents when the child was 24 months of age. The questionnaire consisted of parts concerning the child's sleep and environmental factors. Results: The combined prevalence of habitual snoring in the two birth cohorts at the age of 24 months was 2.3% (95% CI 1.5-3.1), which is markedly lower than reported previously. Children suffering from recurrent infections (CS odds ratio (OR) 3.9, 95% CI 1.2-12.5) or asthma (FB OR 4.3, 1.4-13.5) snored habitually more often. Both the mother's (CS OR 3.2, 1.2-9.0) and father's (CS OR 3.4, 1.4-8.0) snoring every night added to the risk of the child snoring. In the multivariate models, parental snoring (CS adjusted odds ratio (ORa) 2.8, 1.1-6.8), the mother's lower level of education (CS ORa 2.9, 1.2-7.5, FB ORa 2.1, 1.0-4.5), and the mother's lower monthly income (FB ORa 2.9, 1.3-6.3) associated with the child's habitual snoring. Conclusions: The prevalence of habitual snoring in two Finnish birth cohorts is lower than reported previously. The independent risk factors for habitual snoring at the age of two years were the parents' snoring and the mother's low income and low education. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Prevalence and evolution of snoring and the associated factors in two-year-old children

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence and persistence of snoring during the first two years of life in two Finnish birth cohorts and to assess the associated factors.Study designThe study population comprised 947 children from the CHILD-SLEEP (CS) and 1393 children from the FinnBrain (FB) birth cohorts. Questionnaires were provided to both parents when the child was 24 months of age. The questionnaire consisted of parts concerning the child's sleep and environmental factors.ResultsThe combined prevalence of habitual snoring in the two birth cohorts at the age of 24 months was 2.3% (95% CI 1.5–3.1), which is markedly lower than reported previously.Children suffering from recurrent infections (CS odds ratio (OR) 3.9, 95% CI 1.2–12.5) or asthma (FB OR 4.3, 1.4–13.5) snored habitually more often. Both the mother's (CS OR 3.2, 1.2–9.0) and father's (CS OR 3.4, 1.4–8.0) snoring every night added to the risk of the child snoring. In the multivariate models, parental snoring (CS adjusted odds ratio (ORa) 2.8, 1.1–6.8), the mother's lower level of education (CS ORa 2.9, 1.2–7.5, FB ORa 2.1, 1.0–4.5), and the mother's lower monthly income (FB ORa 2.9, 1.3–6.3) associated with the child's habitual snoring.ConclusionsThe prevalence of habitual snoring in two Finnish birth cohorts is lower than reported previously. The independent risk factors for habitual snoring at the age of two years were the parents' snoring and the mother's low income and low education.</p

Enhanced influenza A H1N1 T cell epitope recognition and cross-reactivity to protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1 in Pandemrix-associated narcolepsy type 1

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic neurological disorder having a strong association with HLA-DQB1*0602, thereby suggesting an immunological origin. Increased risk of NT1 has been reported among children or adolescents vaccinated with AS03 adjuvant-supplemented pandemic H1N1 influenza A vaccine, Pandemrix. Here we show that pediatric Pandemrix-associated NT1 patients have enhanced T-cell immunity against the viral epitopes, neuraminidase 175-189 (NA175-189) and nucleoprotein 214-228 (NP214-228), but also respond to a NA175-189-mimic, brain self-epitope, protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1675-689). A pathogenic role of influenza virus-specific T-cells and T-cell cross-reactivity in NT1 are supported by the up-regulation of IFN-γ, perforin 1 and granzyme B, and by the converging selection of T-cell receptor TRAV10/TRAJ17 and TRAV10/TRAJ24 clonotypes, in response to stimulation either with peptide NA175-189 or POMT1675-689. Moreover, anti-POMT1 serum autoantibodies are increased in Pandemrix-vaccinated children or adolescents. These results thus identify POMT1 as a potential autoantigen recognized by T- and B-cells in NT1. </p

Automation of Spatial Transcriptomics library preparation to enable rapid and robust insights into spatial organization of tissues. Berglund, Saarenpää and Jemt et al.

Automation of ST library preparation using the Agilent Bravo system. The zipped file contains the gene count matrices for 12 samples generated from human total RNA, 1 sample generated from MOB tissue and 1 sample from prostate cancer

Automation of Spatial Transcriptomics library preparation to enable rapid and robust insights into spatial organization of tissues. Berglund, Saarenpää and Jemt et al.

Automation of ST library preparation using the Agilent Bravo system. The zipped file contains the gene count matrices for 12 samples generated from human total RNA, 1 sample generated from MOB tissue and 1 sample from prostate cancer

Sairaanhoitajien kokemuksia hoitoisuuden mittaamisesta POLIHOIq-mittarilla

Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoitus: Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata sairaanhoitajien kokemuksia potilaan hoitoisuuden mittaamisesta polikliinisen hoitoisuusluokitusmittarin (POLIHOIq) avulla. Aineisto ja menetelmät: Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin Suomessa sairaanhoitajilta (n=17) fokusryhmähaastatteluilla (n=4) ja analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällönanalyysilla. Tulokset: Sairaanhoitajien kokemus potilaan yksilöllisen hoidontarpeen mittaamisesta muodostui kolmesta pääluokasta: hoitotyön näkyväksi tekeminen, potilaan yksilöllinen hoitoisuuden näkyväksi tekeminen ja hoitoisuusluokitusjärjestelmän hyödyntämisen merkitys sairaanhoitajalle. POLIHOIq- mittari nähtiin tärkeänä työvälineenä, jolla sairaanhoitajien tekemä työ saadaan näkyväksi. POLIHOIq-mittarin koettiin mittaavan potilaan yksilöllistä hoidontarvetta, mutta yksilöllisyys tulisi huomioitua paremmin, mikäli mittarissa olisi nollakohta osoittamassa, ettei kyseinen osa-alue kosketa potilasta. Sairaanhoitajat eivät kuitenkaan täysin luota hoitoisuusluokitusmittariin tai sen tuottamaan tietoon, sillä tietojen hyödyntämistä ei tuoda esille riittävästi. Päätelmät: Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää hoitoisuusluokitusmittarin kehittämisessä, sairaanhoitajien hoitoisuuden mittaamisen edistämisessä sekä välillisesti potilasohjauksen ja kirjaamisen kehittämisessä.Abstract Nurses’ experiences on measuring patients’ individual needs of care with POLIHOIq Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences regarding measuring patients’ individual needs of care with a patient classification tool for outpatient clinics (POLIHOIq). Methods: Data for the study was collected in Finland from registered nurses (n=17) by using focus group interviews (n=4). The data was analyzed with inductive content analysis. Results: Experiences regarding measuring patients’ individual needs of care included three main categories: making care work visible, making patients individual need of care visible and the meaning of utilizing patient classification system for a nurse. POLIHOIq was seen as an important tool to make the work of nurses more visible. POLIHOIq was found to be measuring patients’ individual care needs, but uniqueness of the patients care needs would be more easily recognized, were it possible to use category zero while measuring the needs of care. Nurses did not completely trust the tool and the information it provided, because there is not enough information brought to them about utilizing the data. Conclusions: Results of this study can be used to develop the patient classification tool, encourage nurses to actively make the classifications, and indirectly to develop patient counselling and documentation

Harnessing Spatial Transcriptomics to Unveil Host-Microbe Interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves

Microbial infections affect plant host’s gene expression by activating the innate immune system and signalling, such as phytohormone pathways. Recently, characterization and localization of host response to microbial infection and quantification of bacterial diversity have led to advances in plant infection biology. However, we lack an understanding of how the spatial microbial networks and hotspots are distributed on a leaf and how these factors affect the host tissues’ gene expression per location.To fill this gap, we applied an innovative, high-throughput technology originally developed for mammalian tissues, Spatial Transcriptomics (ST), to outdoor-grown Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. ST enables the simultaneous quantification and visualization of transcriptional profiles in tissue sections at 55-μm resolution. We applied several advancements to the original method to study the concerted, multimodal microbial infection processes and host’s response in A. thaliana leaves. First, we showed that the introduction of tissue treatments facilitate spatial capture of plant mRNAs while preserving the complete morphology of the plant tissue. Second, we demonstrated the capture of bacterial and fungal diversity from outdoor grown A. thaliana leaves. Third, we unveiled leaf-scale spatial microbial hotspots indicating microbial distributions on a leaf surface. Finally, we revealed the concerted spatial microbial networks and their impact on host’s gene expression. In conclusion, our results indicate the feasibility of studying joint gene expression profiles of different organisms. Our approach can be extended to different plant systems, such as crop species, to elucidate complex infection processes where the spatial component is key for understanding plant disease states

Unveiling spatial host-microbe interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by Spatial MetaTranscriptomics

Bacterial infection affects plant host’s gene expression by activating the innate immune system and signaling cascades, like phytohormone pathways. In plant infection biology several advances have been made by identifying bacterial taxa from natural populations and studying plant immune system. However, we lack understanding on how the bacterial quantity and diversity in the leaf affect the host tissues’ spatial gene expression. To fill this gap, we applied an innovative, high-throughput technology originally developed for mammalian tissues, Spatial Transcriptomics, which enables the simultaneous quantification and visualization of transcriptional profiles in tissue sections at 55-μm resolution, to outdoor-grown Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We developed several advancements to the original method in order to study the concerted bacterial infection process and plant response in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. First, we demonstrated with Pseudomonas infected leaves that we are able to capture the bacterial RNA while preserving the complete morphology of the plant tissue. Second, we showed that the tissue treatments we introduced allow us to also spatially capture the plant mRNAs. Third, we demonstrated the capture of bacterial diversity from outdoor grown A. thaliana leaves. In conclusion, our results indicate the feasibility of studying combined gene expression profiles of the host plant and the natural microbial diversity opening up the possibility of extending our approach to different plant systems such as crop species to elucidate complex infection processes where the spatial component is key for their understanding

Visualization of toxin gene expression patterns in ribbon worm tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics

Ribbon worms (Nemertea) are active predators that use a proboscis to inject toxins into prey and defend themselves with toxic epidermal mucus. Nemerteans do not have distinct multi-cellular venom glands, instead toxins are secreted by cells lining the body wall and proboscis epithelia. The lack of a distinct gland has prevented the use of traditional venomics approaches to investigate their venom. Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) is a novel technology that allows to visualize and quantify transcriptomes within histological sections at 100 μm resolution. It facilitates the identification of toxins and their distribution within the tissue, revealing venom composition and producing tissue simultaneously. We adapted the method to analyze cryosections of 3 biological replicates from the species Cerebratulus marginatus, obtaining 3.5 million UMIs per replicate. After dimensionality reduction and clustering of RNA expression data, we identified 9 clusters linked to specific histological features. Proboscis and epidermis were the most distinct clusters, suggesting their profiles might be driven by toxin genes not expressed elsewhere. We mapped the expression data of mucus toxins such as nemertide alpha-1 and cytotoxin A-III on the tissue, revealing their distribution is not restricted to the epidermis. We also identified genes differentially expressed in the glandular epithelium of the proboscis, which may represent novel predatory toxins. Our findings suggest there is a hidden diversity of nemertean toxins and illustrate the capability of ST to investigate challenging venomous organisms, such as those without distinct venom glands or where venom cannot be milked.Peer reviewe