Sığırlarda subklinik mastitisde sığır parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), sığır papillomavirüsleri (BPV), sığır herpesvirüs 1 (BHV-1) varlığı ve prevalansı

In general, bacterial pathogens are the focus of mastitis studies. Symptoms of mastitis may be absent in cases of viral infection, because other clinical symptoms are more dominant. Subclinical mastitis cases cannot be generally diagnosed and as a consequence, they are not investigated very well. This may lead to the inability of viral agents to be predicted in bovine subclinical cases. There are many viral agents associated with bovine mastitis and which may cause subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. However, since viral infections have not been much investigated in mastitis studies, strategies developed against subclinical mastitis may be inadequate. Bovine Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPV), Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) could cause clinical and subclinical mastitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of BPIV-3, BPV, and BHV-1 viral agents in subclinical mastitis case in Erzurum province. For this purpose, 120 bovine mammary tissues with no macroscopic lesions were collected and these tissues were examined with histopathology and immunofluorescence methods. Thereafter, all viruses were identified with qRT-PCR in mammary tissues. The end of histopathologic process 78 of 120 cases (56 chronic subclinic mastitis, 22 acut mastitis) was found severity of inflammatory changes. According to the results of immunofluorescence staining for all sections. The immun positive signs for BPIV-3 BPV, and BHV-1 was determined in 50 out of 120 cases. qRT-PCR results which compatible with immunofluorescence results showed that BPIV-3 agent was detected by the qRT-PCR in 26/120 samples, BPV-2 agent in 8/120 samples, BHV-1 agent in 16/120 samples, and BPV-1 agent in 7/120 samples (only by qRT-PCR). Coinfection with BPIV-3 and BHV-1 was detected in 5/120 samples, BPIV-3, and BPV-1 in 3/120 samples, BHV-1, and BPV-2 in 2/120 samples. According to our results, although the role of viral agents in mastitis disease has not been clearly elucidated, we have found that viral agents are common in mammary tissues with subclinical mastitis.Genellikle etiyolojik mastitis çalışmaları bakteriyel patojenler üzerine odaklanmıştır. Viral enfeksiyon vakalarında mastit belirtileri, diğer klinik semptomlar daha baskın olduğu için gözden kaçabilmektedir. Subklinik mastitis olguları genellikle teşhis edilemediği için çok iyi araştırılmamıştır. Bu durum sığır subklinik mastitis vakalarında viral ajanların önlenememesine yol açabilmektedir. Sığırlarda mastitis ile ilişkili ve süt sığırlarında subklinik mastite neden olabilecek birçok viral ajan tanımlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, mastitis çalışmalarında viral enfeksiyonlar çok fazla araştırılmamış olduğundan, subklinik mastitislere karşı geliştirilen stratejiler yetersiz olabilir. Sığır Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Sığır papillomavirüsleri (BPV), sığır herpes virüsü 1 (BHV-1) klinik ve subklinik mastitlerde rol aldığı düşünülen viral ajanlardır. Bu çalışmada, Erzurum ilindeki subklinik mastitis olgularındaki BPIV-3, BPV ve BHV-1 viral ajanlarının varlığının ve prevalansının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 120 büyükbaş hayvanın makroskobik olarak lezyon izlenmyen meme doku örnekleri toplandı ve bu dokular histopatoloji ve immünofloresan yöntemlerle incelendi. Ayrıca, meme dokularında belirlenen viral etkenlerin varlığı qRT-PCR ile araştırıldı. Toplanan 120 örneğe yapılan histopatolojik değerlendirme sonucunda (56 kronik mastit, 22 akut mastit) 78 örnekte yangısal değişikliklere rastlandı. Tüm dokulara uygulanan immünofloresan boyama sonuçlarına göre 120 olguda kronik mastitis tanısı konan 50 örnekte pozitif reaksiyonlara rastlandı. qRT-PCR sonuçlarına göre immunfloresan boyama sonuçlarıyla uyumlu olarak toplam 50 (%41.6) örnekte etkenlerin DNA varlıkları tespit edildi. BPIV-3 etkenine 26/120, BPV-2 etkenine 8/120, BHV-1 etkenine 16/120 oranında olduğu tespit edildi. Sadece qRT-PCR yöntemi kullanılarak 7/120 oranında BPV-1 etkenine rastlandı. Ayrıca, 5/120 oranında BPIV3 ve BHV-1, 3/120 oranında BPIV-3 ve BPV-1, 2/120 oranında ise BHV-1 ve BPV-2 etkenlerine birlikte rastlandı. Yapılan çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, mastitis hastalığında viral ajanların rolü açık bir şekilde aydınlatılmamış olmakla birlikte, viral ajanların subklinik mastitli meme dokularında yaygın olduğunu tespit edilmiştir

BAŞKALE FAY ZONU’NUN TEKTONİK JEOMORFOLOJİSİ

Başkale Fay Zonu (BFZ) Türkiye’nin güneydoğusunda, Şemdinli-Yükseova Fay zonu ile İran’ın kuzeybatısında bulunan Guilato–Siahcheshmeh–Khoy Fay sisteminin arasında yer almaktadır. Kuzeydoğuda Yavuzlar beldesinden başlayıp, güneybatıda Işıklar köyüne kadar devam etmektedir. Yaklaşık olarak K10°D ile K40°D arasında değişen doğrultulara sahip olan BFZ Işıklı, Ziraniş ve Çamlık faylarından meydana gelmektedir. Ötelenmiş dere yatakları, fay denetimli akaçlama sistemi (Çığılsuyu Irmağı gibi), faylar boyunca uzanan ve deformasyon geçirmiş alüvyon yelpazeleri, fay düzlükleri, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı volkanitler ve volkanik yapılar, oluşumunu günümüzde de sürdüren çatlak sırtı travertenler BFZ’nun aktif olduğunu gösteren morfotektonik özelliklerdir. Bu çalışmada bölgenin morfotektonik evriminde Başkale Fay Zonu’nun etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç içerisinde, morfotektonik analizler için çalışma alanının Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli üzerinde hipsometrik integral, drenaj havzası asimetrisi, vadi tabanı genişliğinin-vadi yüksekliğine oranı ve dağ cephesi kıvrımlılığı gibi morfometrik indisler üretilerek yorumlanmıştır. Morfometrik analiz sonuçlarına bağlı olarak, alanın son derece genç bir topoğrafyaya sahip olduğu ve aktif olarak yükseldiği görülmektedir. Bölgedeki yükselme hızının doğudan batıya doğru arttığı ve batı kesimlerinde yılda 0.5 mm’den fazla olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır

Data for: Evaluation of the Plio-Quaternary Tectonic Stress Regime with respect to kinematic analysis in the Lake Van Basin (Eastern Anatolia)

Data can use with refence

Earthquakes, liquefaction, peak ground acceleration, Van (Turkey).

The Erciş-Van earthquake with magnitude Mw:7.2 that struck at 13:41 local time on Sunday, October 23,2011 in northern part of Van province affected an area ofabout 13.500 square kilometer at the Eastern Turkey.After several days from the Erciş- Van earthquake,another quake with magnitude Mw: 5.6 occurred onNovember 9, 2011 at am 21:23 local time in southwest ofthe city centre of Van province. Thousands of aftershocks,many in the magnitude 4.0 to 5.0 range, occurred duringthe next few months. This investigation describes theeffects of the aforementioned earthquakes on structuraldamage. In the first part, ground motion parameters andground deformations during earthquakes were presented.The second part deals with the local site conditions ofaffected settlement areas. In the last part, the attention isfocused on the effect of soil conditions on structuraldamage

Geology of the Çaldıran Fault, Eastern Turkey: Age, slip rate and implications on the characteristic slip behaviour

International audienc

Efficiency of resveratrol in the prevention and treatment of age-related hearing loss

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a major public health concern, which is characterized by gradual, progressive sensorineural hearing loss and deterioration of sound localization, with no effective treatment available to date. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of resveratrol to prevent and treat ARHL. For this purpose, 32 male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to four groups: Early treatment, late treatment, control and sham control. The experiment lasted for 15 months. Treatment was started at three months of age in the early treatment group and at sixth months in the late treatment group. The auditory brainstem response test was performed once every three months. At the end of the study period, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, NF-kappa B, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels in the cochlear tissues of the animals were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Hearing thresholds of the mice in the early treatment group were better than those in the other groups (P0.05), although mean thresholds were lower. The threshold shift in the early treatment group was significantly lower at all frequencies when compared with those in the control groups (P<0.001). The mRNA expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak were lower (P<0.05), anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were higher (P<0.05), NF-kappa B, COX-2 and iNOS as genes that have a role in inflammation and caspase-3 and caspase-9 as genes with a vital role in apoptosis were lower (P<0.05) in the early treatment group when compared with the late treatment and control groups. These results suggested that resveratrol is effective in the prevention of ARHL, particularly when started prior to the beginning of hearing loss.Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [114S938]This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (grant no. 114S938)

Development of a Multi-Fertilizer Spreader Machine and Variable Rate Controller for Olive Orchards

The objective of this research was to develop a machine to spread three different mineral fertilizers at the same time at a variable rate if required. A multi-fertilizer spreader machine with three hoppers, a variable rate controller, a laboratory test software and a prescription map software was developed. The variable rate controller consists of three servo motors, drivers, electronic control card, MOXA wireless NPort communication, and software for spreading three different mineral fertilizers. Fertilizers were metered by specially designed fluted rollers driven by three servo motors. The variable rate controller changes the speed of fluted rollers to change the fertilization rate according to the coordinates. The amount of distributed fertilizer for each grid is set up by prescription map. During fertilization, the amount of fertilizer for each position of GPS was saved by Prescription Map Software . This software can also calculate some data such as tractor tracks in the orchard, distances, time consumed for fertilization and turning, time to enter and exit from grids based on GPS data. The application rates of different chemical fertilizers were determined on different scales of the control system by laboratory tests of the developed machine. Materials were olive orchard, multi-fertilizer spreader with variable rate controller, and laboratory/workshop test programme. Laboratory and field tests of the developed machine for different fertilizers and variable rate applications for olive production were analysed and evaluated. Work performance (tree/h, and da/h) of the developed fertilizer spreader machine was determined. Effective capacity and efficiency were calculated. Modifications related fluted roller, furrow opener and control system were performed to solve mechanical, electrical and software problems of the prototype machine, and the variable rate fertilizer control system was tested through the laboratory and field tests. The developed machine and variable rate controller were operated successfully to apply fertilizers in the olive orchard.TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council Of Turkey) [:112O086]The authors would like to thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council Of Turkey) for supporting Development fertiliser spreader with variable rate controllers for olive orchards-TUBITAK Project no:112O086 project. This article was presented under the title of Development of a Prototype Lineer Fertiliser Machine With a Variable Rate Controller for Orchards as a poster in 1st AXEMA-EurAgEng Conference-Intensive and environmentally friendly agriculture: an opportunity for innovation in machinery and systems, 25th February 2017, Paris, France. This poster presentation was not published as full text

Mrrssw/Model of Rainfall-Runoff in Small Sub-Watershed

A hydrologic model called MRRSSW (or KAHYAM in Turkish) was developed to simulate surface runoff of small watershed, which small earth dams may be built on its creeks to store storm water during rainy season and make this water available in dry season. The model computes monthly surface runoff rates employing daily rainfall data. Curve number method of Soil Conservation Service (1972) is used to simulate surface runoff amounts whereas the Blaney and Criddle equation (1950) is used to calculate evapotranspiration. The developed model was tested in 2 small watersheds, namely, Kirklareli-Vize and Istanbul-Catalca-Damlica creeks. Comparison of the simulated surface runoff values with the long-term directly measured data revealed that the model simulated the runoff precisely in the months with relatively smaller surface runoff. However, it slightly over-predicted the runoff amounts in November and December when relatively higher runoff rates occurred. It was concluded that the model can be safely applied in similar small sub-basins to simulate rainfall-runoff relationship with an acceptable deviation