Analysis of Logistics 4.0 Service Provider Alternatives with CRITIC-Based WASPAS Method

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, dijital dönüşüm ve Endüstri 4.0 teknolojileriyle şekillenen Lojistik 4.0 kavramı çerçevesinde, lojistik hizmet sağlayıcılarının değerlendirilmesi ve en uygun hizmet sağlayıcının belirlenmesidir. Lojistik 4.0, akıllı sistemler ve büyük veri analitiği gibi yenilikçi teknolojileri kullanarak lojistik süreçleri optimize etmeyi hedefler. Bu bağlamda, doğru hizmet sağlayıcıyı seçmek, işletmeler için stratejik bir öneme sahiptir. Çalışma, işletmelerin bu karmaşık süreçte doğru kararlar almasına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) tabanlı WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. CRITIC yöntemi ile kriterlerin objektif ağırlıkları belirlenmiş, WASPAS yöntemi ise bu ağırlıkları kullanarak alternatiflerin genel performans skorlarını hesaplamıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sonuçları, işletmelerin Lojistik 4.0 hizmet sağlayıcılarını seçerken dikkat etmeleri gereken önemli kriterleri ve en iyi performans gösteren hizmet sağlayıcıları ortaya koymuştur. Özgünlük: Bu çalışma, CRITIC ve WASPAS yöntemlerinin birlikte kullanımının, lojistik sektöründe hizmet sağlayıcı seçiminde sağladığı avantajları ve yöntemlerin etkinliğini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, lojistik sektöründe Lojistik 4.0 hizmet sağlayıcılarının seçimi konusunda literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.Purpose: This study aims to evaluate and identify the most suitable logistics service providers within the framework of Logistics 4.0, shaped by digital transformation and Industry 4.0 technologies. Logistics 4.0 seeks to optimize logistics processes using innovative technologies such as smart systems and big data analytics. In this context, selecting the right service provider is of strategic importance for businesses. This study intends to assist companies in making accurate decisions in this complex process. Method: The CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) based WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method was employed. The CRITIC method was used to determine the objective weights of the criteria, while the WASPAS method utilized these weights to calculate the overall performance scores of the alternatives. Findings: The results of the study reveal the key criteria that businesses should consider when selecting Logistics 4.0 service providers and identifying the top-performing service providers. Originality: This study highlights the advantages and effectiveness of using the combined CRITIC and WASPAS methods in the selection of service providers in the logistics sector. Additionally, it contributes to the literature on the selection of Logistics 4.0 service providers.Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığ

Surgical and non-surgical treatments in pleural empyema plevral ampiyemde cerrahi ve cerrahi olmayan tedaviler

Objective: Increasing number of patients are developing complicated pleural infection. We aimed at revealing the differences of treatment modalities performed in patients with empyema. Methods: Patients those had been diagnosed and treated for empyema were assessed in a retrospective design. For the definitive diagnosis of empyema, thoracentesis was made. We categorized the patients in two groups as therapeutic drainage (group 1) and open Results: A total of 360 patients, 57 of whom were women, were included. Tube drainage was applied to the patients in group 1, and therapeutic thoracentesis was applied to those not suitable for drainage. Patients who did not provide adequate drainage due to loculation were deloculated with fibrinolytic agent or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. In patients with advanced empyema with multiloculation an

Exploring the lacrimal sac fossa: anatomical insights for optimizing external dacryocystorhinostomy

BackgroundExternal dacryocystorhinostomy is considered the gold standard for treating epiphora resulting from nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Despite the success of the procedure, a visible facial skin scar often undermines the surgical outcome. The aim of this study is to prevent visible facial scarring following oculoplastic interventions by improving the insight into the anatomical details of the lacrimal sac fossa (LSF), lacrimo-maxillary suture (LMS), periosteum, and lacrimal diaphragm.MethodsThe study examined the medial canthal region of eighty adult male sspecimens to investigate the landmarks associated with the LSF. The periorbital area was dissected to reveal the skin, subcutaneous tissues, orbicularis oculi muscles, and the lacrimal drainage system, all of which were detached from their bony attachments. The lengths of the lacrimal crests, midline length, midline width, dorsolateral angle, composition of the LMS, and area of the LSF were evaluated using the ImageJ program. The LSF was categorized into six distinct shapes: ellipsoid, oval, inverted pear, straight pear, oblique hammer, and quadrangular.ResultsThe measurements of the anterior lacrimal crest averaged 2.2 +/- 0.4 cm, the posterior edge 2.0 +/- 0.4 cm, and the midline 1.9 +/- 0.3 cm. The area of the LSF was found to be 1.4 +/- 0.5 cm(2). The analysis reveals that about half of the LSF consists of equal parts maxillary and lacrimal bones. The dorsolateral angle values where the maxilla and os lacrimale equally contributed to the structure of the LSF were higher than those completely formed by the maxilla. The shapes of the LSF were classified as ellipsoid (35%), oblique hammer (21.3%), oval (13.7%), inverted pear (15%), with the ellipsoid type being the most frequent. The anterior lacrimal crest length of the oval-shaped LSF was shorter than that of the oblique hammer-shaped LSF. Similarly, the posterior lacrimal crest of the oval-shaped LSF was shorter than that of the oblique hammer-shaped LSF. The midline length of ellipsoid, oval, and inverted pear-shaped LSFs was shorter than that of oblique hammer-shaped LSFs.ConclusionThe length of anterior lacrimal crest and LMS are suggested as the most reliable navigational references for locating the type of LSF. Mastery of the transversal and vertical orientation of the LSF is essential for surgeons performing oculoplastic surgeries tailored to individual anatomical variations. This study is clinically valuable as it underscores the necessity for oculoplastic surgeons to adapt surgical techniques in response to anatomical differences encountered during surgery

Impact of melamine exposure on apoptotic proteins and oxidative stress markers in mouse hepatic tissue

Project number 2019/053.Most melamine studies have focused on renal toxicity and its effects on the liver are still not well known. We investigated the apoptotic and oxidative effects of melamine on the liver using thirty BALB/c mice, divided into three groups. The control group received saline, while the low-dose melamine (LDM) group was given 400 mg/kg (1/8 LD50) and the high-dose melamine (HDM) group received 1600 mg/kg (1/2 LD50) intragastrically (0.Most melamine studies have focused on renal toxicity and its effects on the liver are still not well known. We investigated the apoptotic and oxidative effects of melamine on the liver using thirty BALB/c mice, divided into three groups. The control group received saline, while the low-dose melamine (LDM) group was given 400 mg/kg (1/8 LD50) and the high-dose melamine (HDM) group received 1600 mg/kg (1/2 LD50) intragastrically (0.25 ml) for 5 consecutive days. Liver Bcl-2 and caspase-3 expressions were analyzed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, and also at the gene level by quantitative Real-Time PCR. In addition, total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels in liver tissues were measured spectrophotometrically. The immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 was higher in the LDM and HDM groups compared to the control group (p = 0.002). TOS and OSI levels were increased significantly (P ml) for 5 consecutive days. Liver Bcl-2 and caspase-3 expressions were analyzed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, and also at the gene level by quantitative Real-Time PCR. In addition, total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels in liver tissues were measured spectrophotometrically. The immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 was higher in the LDM and HDM groups compared to the control group (p = 0.002). TOS and OSI levels were increased significantly (PAnkara Universit

Search for New Resonances Decaying to Pairs of Merged Diphotons in Proton-Proton Collisions at (Formula presented)

A search is presented for an extended Higgs sector with two new particles, (Formula presented) and (Formula presented), in the process (Formula presented). Novel neural networks classify events with diphotons that are merged and determine the diphoton masses. The search uses LHC proton-proton collision data at (Formula presented) collected with the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of (Formula presented). No evidence of such resonances is seen. Upper limits are set on the production cross section for (Formula presented) between 300 and 3000 GeV and (Formula presented) between 0.5% and 2.5%, representing the most sensitive search in this channel. © 2025 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration.Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIEMinistry of Education and Science, MESBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAPNSCFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCTDepartment of Atomic Energy, Government of India, DAEPCT

Search for a standard model-like Higgs boson in the mass range between 70 and 110 GeV in the diphoton final state in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV

The results of a search for a standard model-like Higgs boson decaying into two photons in the mass range between 70 and 110 GeV are presented. The analysis uses the data set collected by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 36.3 fb(-1), 41.5 fb(-1) and 54.4 fb(-1) during the 2016, 2017, and 2018 LHC running periods, respectively. No significant excess over the background expectation is observed and 95% cofidence level upper limits are set on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for decays of an additional Higgs boson into two photons. The maximum deviation with respect to the background is seen for a mass hypothesis of 95.4 GeV with a local (global) significance of 2.9 (1.3) standard deviations. The observed upper limit ranges from 15 to 73 fb.FWF; FNRS; FWO (Belgium); CNPq; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; FAPESP (Brazil); BNSF (Bulgaria); MOST; NSFC (China); CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG [MoER TK202]; Academy of Finland; MEC; CEA; CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF; BMBF; DFG; HGF (Germany); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE; DST; IPM; SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOE; UM (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYT; UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); PCTI (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAK; DOE; NSF (USA); Indo-French Center for the Promotion of Advanced Research (CEFIPRA/IFCPAR); Marie-Curie program; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207]; COST Action [CA16108]; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Science Committee [22rl-037]; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); FWO (Belgium) under the Excellence of Science -EOS [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR22985]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [EXC 2121, 400140256 -GRK2497]; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) [2288]; Hungarian Academy of Sciences [K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, TKP2021-NKTA-64]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India - NextGenerationEU program (Italy); Latvian Council of Science; Ministry of Education and Science [2022/WK/14]; National Science Center [Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369, 2021/43/B/ST2/01552]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [CEECIND/01334/2018]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; ERDF a way of making Europe [MDM-2017-0765]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B37G660013]; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA)We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG, RVTT3 and MoER TK202 (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LMTLT (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MoSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Indo-French Network in High Energy Physics financed by the Indo-French Center for the Promotion of Advanced Research (CEFIPRA/IFCPAR); the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the Excellence of Science -EOS'' -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR22985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2121 Quantum Universe -390833306, and under project number 400140256 -GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program -UNKP, the NKFIH research grants K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC -National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR --Future Artficial Intelligence Research, funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF a way of making Europe'', and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B37G660013 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA)

Sisplatinin Kasumi-1 lösemi hücre hattı üzerindeki etkisi: gen ekspresyonu ve DNA hasarı

Purpose: Leukemia is a type of cancer caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of blood cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cisplatin (CIS), a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of leukemia, on the Kasumi-1 leukemia cell line. Materials and methods: The study measured the effect of CIS on Kasumi-1 cells by calculating IC50 values for cell viability. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes were then assessed using Real-Time PCR. In addition, the effects of CIS on DNA damage were investigated using the comet assay. Results: Significant changes in apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes were observed in CIS-treated groups. These included alterations in the mRNA levels of p53, BCL-2, CHECK 1, CDC25C, CDK 6, URG4/URGCP, GADD45A, CCND1, GADD45G, and ATM genes. Comet analysis confirmed CIS's effects on DNA damage. Conclusion: This study aimed to better understand how CIS affects genetic mechanisms in leukemia cells and provide new insights into leukemia treatment. The findings will help us better understand the role of CIS in leukemia treatment and will serve as a valuable reference for future research. © 2025, Pamukkale University. All rights reserved

Duygu Odaklı Psikoterapi Ekolünün Bulimia Nervoza Olgularında Etkililiğine Dair Sistematik Bir Gözden Geçirme

Abstract Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating episodes and compensatory behaviors. Emotional regulation difficulties play a significant role in cases of bulimia nervosa. Individuals diagnosed with bulimia nervosa are known to experience challenges in regulating their emotions, particularly during negative emotional states, leading to loss of control, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors. In this context, Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) offers an effective approach by targeting emotional regulation in the treatment of bulimia. This review aims to examine the findings of studies investigating the effectiveness of Emotion-Focused interventions in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. For this purpose, 928 potential articles were identified, with four studies meeting the eligibility criteria included in this review. The selected studies involved participants with bulimia nervosa and were based on various research methodologies, such as randomized controlled trials, case studies, and time series designs. Emotion-Focused interventions have been found to improve emotional regulation skills in individuals diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, thereby reducing binge eating behaviors and bulimia symptoms. However, follow-up studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding symptom relapse. While Emotion-Focused Therapies appear to be effective in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, there is a need for further research to expand the current knowledge in this area.Özet Bulimia nervoza, tıkınırcasına yeme atakları ve telafi edici davranışlarla karakterize bir yeme bozukluğudur. Bulimia olgularında duygusal düzenleme güçlükleri önemli bir rol oynar. Bulimia nervoza tanılı bireylerin duygu düzenleme zorluğu yaşadığı, özellikle olumsuz duygulanım durumlarında kontrol kaybı yaşayarak tıkınırcasına yeme ve telafi edici davranışlar sergilediği bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda Duygu Odaklı Psikoterapi, bulimia tedavisinde duygusal düzenlemeyi hedef alarak etkili bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu derleme, bulimia tedavisinde Duygu Odaklı müdahalelerin etkililiğini inceleyen çalışmaların bulgularını gözden geçirerek meyi amaçlamıştır. İlgili amaç doğrultusunda potansiyel olarak 928 makale tespit edilmiş, uygunluk kriterlerini karşılayan 4 çalışma bu gözden geçirmeye dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmalar bulimia nervoza bozukluğuna sahip katılımcılarda yapılan, randomize kontrollü çalışmalar, vaka çalışmaları ve zaman serisi desenleri gibi farklı araştırma metodolojilerine dayanarak seçilmiştir. Duygu Odaklı Müdahalelerin bulimia nervoza tanılı bireylerde duygu düzenleme becerilerini geliştirdiği ve bu sayede tıkanırcasına yeme davranışlarını ve bulimia belirtilerini azalttığı görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte takip çalışmaları semptom nüksü konusunda tutarsız bulgular elde etmiştir. Duygu Odaklı Terapilerin bulimia nervoza tedavisinde etkili olduğu görülmekle birlikte mevcut alanın genişletilmesine ve daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır

The effect of stimulation rate variable on music perception in cochlear implant

Giriş ve Amaç: Cochlear implant sistemlerinin uyarlama parametreleri kullanıcıların sesleri algılama beceri üzerinde önemli ölçüde etkilidir. Stimulation rate parametresi cochlear implant sistemlerinin fitting parametreleri arasında sesin zamansal çözünürlüğünü önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Stimulation rate parametresinin, sesin zamansal özelliklerini bünyesinde barındıran müziğin algılanması üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla bu çalışma yapılmıştır. Materyal Metot: Çalışmaya 27 cochlear implantlı birey dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların müzikal algı becerilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla Anadolu Ünverstes Müzk Algı Test(AMAT) kullanılmıştır. Her katılımcı 250 pps/ch, 900 pps/ch, 1800 pps/ch stimulation rate değerleri ile ayarlanmış mapler ile müzikal algı testine tabi tutulmuştur. Bulgular: Stimulation rate değerlerindeki değişimin müzikal algı testinin sonuçları üzerinde istatistiksel anlamlı bir farklılık ortaya çıkarmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların yaş, cinsiyet, işitme cihazı takma yaşı, işitme cihazı kullanım süresi, cochlear implantasyon yaşı, cochlear implant kullanım süresi ile müzikal algı testinin sonuçları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Tartışma ve Sonuç: Stimulation rate değerlerindeki değişikliğin müzikal algı becerileri üzerinde anlamlı bir farklılığın ortaya çıkarmamasının sebebi cochlear implant sistemlerinin nöral yapıları uyarma yöntemleri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Katılımcıların yaş, tanılanma yaşı, cinsiyet, işitme cihazı takma yaşı, işitme cihazı kullanım süresi, cochlear implantasyon yaşı, cochlear implant kullanım süresi ile müzikal algı testinin sonuçları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmaması; deneyimlenmemiş mapler ile yapılan test, preimplantasyon işitme eşikleri, nöral ateşleme mekanizmalarından bir veya birkaçının birden etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir.Introduction and Purpose: The fitting parameters of cochlear implant systems have a significant effect on the ability of users to perceive sounds. The stimulation rate parameter significantly affects the temporal resolution of sound among the fitting parameters of cochlear implant systems. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the stimulation rate parameter on the perception of music, which contains the temporal characteristics of sound. Material Method: 27 individuals with cochlear implants were included in the study. Anadolu University Music Perception Test (AMAT) was used to evaluate the musical perception skills of the participants. Each participant was subjected to the musical perception test with maps adjusted with stimulation rate values of 250 pps/ch, 900 pps/ch, 1800 pps/ch. Findings: It was determined that the change in stimulation rate values did not reveal a statistically significant difference on the results of the musical perception test. It was determined that there was no significant relationship between the participants age, gender, including age of hearing aids, duration of hearing aid usege, age of cochlear implantation, duration of cochlear implant usage, age at diagnosis and the results of the musical perception test. Discussion and Conclusion: The reason why the change in stimulation rate values did not reveal a significant difference in musical perception skills is thought to be the methods of cochlear implant systems to stimulate neural structures. The fact that there is no significant relationship between the participants age, gender, including age of hearing aids, duration of hearing aid usage, age of cochlear implantation, duration of cochlear implant usage, age at diagnosis and the results of the musical perception test; It is thought that one or more of the following factors are effective: the test with an inexperienced mapper, preimplantation hearing thresholds, and neural firing mechanisms

Evaluation of the effects of HDAC activity in hydroxychloroquine applied human primary chondrocyte and nucleus pulposus cultures

AIM: To evaluate the in vitro effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme activity and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expressions. MATERIAL and METHODS: Primary cell cultures were prepared. Samples that did not receive any medication constituted the control group, while culture samples treated with HCQ served as the study group. The surface morphology of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) were evaluated by Giemsa staining and inverted light microscopy. Cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide (MTT) analysis. The cultures were simultaneously stained with acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) and viewed under fluorescence microscopy. HDAC enzyme activity and IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha expression were evaluated using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical methods. The alpha significance level was accepted as p<0.05. RESULTS: HCQ applied to cell cultures at the tested doses and durations showed cytotoxic effects on cell viability, proliferation, and cell or ECM morphology. It increased HDAC activity in chondrocytes and caused a proinflammatory response, indicated by an increase in TNF-alpha in the cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study emphasized that the cytotoxic effect of HCQ increased HDAC activity; therefore, this proinflammatory response should be taken into consideration in the clinical use of HCQ